Review on Recent Developments in Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensors (original) (raw)
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Current advancements and prospects of enzymatic and non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023
This review discusses the most current developments and future perspectives in enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose sensors, which have notably evolved over the preceding quadrennial period. Furthermore, a thorough exploration encompassed the sensor's intricate fabrication processes, the diverse range of materials employed, the underlying principles of detection, and an in-depth assessment of the sensors' efficacy in detecting glucose levels within essential bodily fluids such as human blood serums, urine, saliva, and interstitial fluids. It is worth noting that the accurate quantification of glucose concentrations within human blood has been effectively achieved by utilizing classical enzymatic sensors harmoniously integrated with optical and electrochemical transduction mechanisms. Monitoring glucose levels in various mediums has attracted exceptional attention from industrial to academic researchers for diabetes management, food quality control, clinical medicine, and bioprocess inspection. There has been an enormous demand for the creation of novel glucose sensors over the past ten years. Research has primarily concentrated on succeeding biocompatible and enhanced sensing abilities related to the present technologies, offering innovative avenues for more effective glucose sensors. Recent developments in wearable optical and electrochemical sensors with low cost, high stability, point-of-care testing, and online tracking of glucose concentration levels in biological fluids can aid in managing and controlling diabetes globally. New nanomaterials and biomolecules that can be used in electrochemical sensor systems to identify glucose concentration levels are developed thanks to advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Both enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensors have garnered much interest recently and have made significant strides in detecting glucose levels. In this review, we summarise several categories of non-enzymatic glucose sensor materials, including composites, non-precious transition metals and their metal oxides, hydroxides, precious metals and their alloys, carbon-based materials, conducting polymers, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based electrocatalysts, and wearable device-based glucose sensors deeply.
Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2021
In this study, a novel non-enzymatic glucose biosensor based on a simple photolithographic process is proposed. To fabricate the sensor, photoresist AZ-1518 was spin-coated onto a reclaimed silicon wafer, and then, a mask with a hexagonal close-packed circle array was employed for exposure and development to generate a hexagonal close-packed column array of AZ-1518. The diameter of each circle was set as 3 m. Subsequently, a thermal melting process was employed to convert each photoresist column into a photoresist hemisphere. A gold thin film was then sputtered onto the hemisphere array of AZ-1518 to form the sensing electrode. Finally, gold nanoparticles were deposited onto the gold thin film using a self-assembly monolayer method to enhance the sensing area. Measurements showed a 10.2fold enhancement of the sensing area in comparison with a plain gold electrode. Actual detection of glucose demonstrated that the proposed non-enzymatic glucose biosensor can operate in a linear range of 55.6 M-13.89 mM. It had a sensitivity of 749.2 A mM −1 cm −2 and a detection limit of 9 M. The novel glucose biosensor proposed here has several advantages such as being enzyme free, simple to fabricate, low cost, and easy to preserve on a long-term basis. Thus, it can feasibly be used for future clinical applications.
2020
Non-enzymatic sensing has been in the research limelight, and most sensors based on nanomaterials are designed to detect single analytes. The simultaneous detection of analytes that together exist in biological organisms necessitates the development of effective and efficient non-enzymatic electrodes in sensing. In this regard, the development of sensing elements for detecting glucose and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) is significant. Non-enzymatic sensing is more economical and has a longer lifetime than enzymatic electrochemical sensing, but it has several drawbacks, such as high working potential, slow electrode kinetics, poisoning from intermediate species and weak sensing parameters. We comprehensively review the recent developments in non-enzymatic glucose and H 2 O 2 (NEGH) sensing by focusing mainly on the sensing performance, electro catalytic mechanism, morphology and design of electrode materials. Various types of nanomaterials with metal/metal oxides and hybrid metallic nanocomposites are discussed. A comparison of glucose and H 2 O 2 sensing parameters using the same electrode materials is outlined to predict the efficient sensing performance of advanced nanomaterials. Recent innovative approaches to improve the NEGH sensitivity, selectivity and stability in real-time applications are critically discussed, which have not been sufficiently addressed in the previous reviews. Finally, the challenges, future trends, and prospects associated with advanced nanomaterials for NEGH sensing are considered. We believe this article will help to understand the selection of advanced materials for dual/multi non-enzymatic sensing issues and will also be beneficial for researchers to make breakthrough progress in the area of non-enzymatic sensing of dual/multi biomolecules.
Glucose Biosensors: 40 Years of Advances and Challenges
Forty years have passed since Clark and Lyons proposed the concept of glucose enzyme electrodes. Excellent economic prospects and fascinating potential for basic research have led to many sensor designs and detection principles for the biosensing of glucose. Indeed, the entire field of biosensors can trace its origin to this glucose enzyme electrode. This review examines the history of electrochemical glucose biosensors, discusses their current status and assesses future prospects in connection primarily to the control and management of diabetes.
Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2016
A novel non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on SBA-15-supported copper ion (SBA-15-Cu (II)) nanomaterial was successfully prepared. The electrocatalytic activity of prepared modified electrode towards glucose oxidation was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and amperometric methods in alkaline solution. The amperometry results revealed that the prepared sensor exhibited a good response to glucose with a wide linear range from 0.5 µM to 2 mM and with a low limit of detection of 0.075 µM. The Nafion/SBA-15-Cu (II) modified glassy carbon electrode exhibited good reproducibility, long-term stability and negligible interference from uric acid, dopamine, and ascorbic acid. The Nafion/SBA-15-Cu (II) modified glassy carbon electrode showed good activity towards glucose oxidation in human serum samples with low overpotential, avoiding interference.
Recent Developments and Future Perspective on Electrochemical Glucose Sensors Based on 2D Materials
Biosensors
Diabetes is a health disorder that necessitates constant blood glucose monitoring. The industry is always interested in creating novel glucose sensor devices because of the great demand for low-cost, quick, and precise means of monitoring blood glucose levels. Electrochemical glucose sensors, among others, have been developed and are now frequently used in clinical research. Nonetheless, despite the substantial obstacles, these electrochemical glucose sensors face numerous challenges. Because of their excellent stability, vast surface area, and low cost, various types of 2D materials have been employed to produce enzymatic and nonenzymatic glucose sensing applications. This review article looks at both enzymatic and nonenzymatic glucose sensors made from 2D materials. On the other hand, we concentrated on discussing the complexities of many significant papers addressing the construction of sensors and the usage of prepared sensors so that readers might grasp the concepts underlying ...
Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for detection of glucose and insulin
Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2017
Electrochemical sensors for the detection of specific biomolecules have attracted a lot of interest over the recent years due to their high sensitivity, selectivity, simple preparation and quick response. This article summarizes the recent progress related to the application of nanomaterials in electrochemical detection of glucose and insulin. We give an overview of electrode concepts based on nanomaterials for electrochemical nonenzymatic glucose detection and non-immune insulin detection and review the electrochemical performances and limitations of these sensors. The mechanisms of the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose on different nanomaterial-based metallic electrodes are compared. Attention is also focused on schemes of insulin detection on selected nanoparticle-modified carbon electrodes. Finally, the review outlines perspectives of future developments in electrochemical detection of both biomolecules.
A novel multicomponent redox polymer nanobead based high performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor
The fabrication of a highly sensitive electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) dispersed in a graphene (G)-ferrocene (Fc) redox polymer multicomponent na-nobead (MCNB) is reported. The preparation of MCNB involves three major steps, namely: i) the preparation of a poly(aniline-co-anthranilic acid)-grafted graphene (G-PANI(COOH), ii) the covalent linking of ferrocene to G-PANI(COOH) via a polyethylene imine (PEI), and iii) the electrodeposition of Cu NPs. The prepared MCNB (designated as G-PANI(COOH)-PEI-Fc/Cu-MCNB), contains a conductive G-PANI(COOH), electron mediating Fc, and electrocatalytic Cu NPs that make it suitable for ultrasensitive non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing. The morphology, structure, and electro activities of MCNB were characterized. Electrochemical measurements showed that the G-PANI(COOH)-PEI-Fc/Cu-MCNB/GCE modified electrode exhibited good electrocatalytic behavior towards the detection of glucose in a wide linear range (0.50 to 15 mM), with a low detection limit (0.16 mM) and high sensitivity (14.3 mA mM À 1 cm À 2). Besides , the G-PANI(COOH)-PEI-Fc/Cu-MCNB/GCE sensor electrode did not respond to the presence of electroactive interferrants (such as uric acid, ascorbic acid, and dopamine) and saccharides or carbohydrates (fructose, lactose, D-isoascorbic acid, and dextrin), demonstrating its selectivity towards glucose. The fabricated NEG sensor exhibited high precision for measuring glucose in serum samples, with an average RSD of 4.3% and results comparable to those of commercial glucose test strips. This reliability and stability of glucose sensing indicates that G-PANI(COOH)-PEI-Fc/Cu-MCNB/GCE would be a promising material for the non-enzymatic detection of glucose in physiological fluids.
An electroenzymatic glucose sensor fabricated on a flexible substrate
Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 1991
A glucose-oxidase-based electroenzymatic glucose sensor has been developed using thin-/thick-film processing techniques. We believe that this processing scheme will overcome a major impediment to the successful movement of the devices from the research laboratory to the marketplace by removing the difficulty of fabricating large numbers of reproducible and economical sensors. Several hundred sensors have been fabricated and tested in vitro. The sensors respond linearly to glucose, are stable for 72 h, are oxygen independent and have a 90 s response time. The sensors have also responded appropriately during preliminary glucose tolerance tests performed in rabbits.
A non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on CuO-nanostructure modified carbon ceramic electrode
Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2017
Mesoporous silica-graphite composite (SiO 2 /C-graphite) was synthesized by the sol-gel technique. The surface area (S BET = 98.93 m²/g), pore volume (0.30 cm³/g) and pore size (12.16 nm) were characterized by BET. The novelty of this work lays in the fabrication of material in which ceramic material (SiO 2 /C-graphite) was decorated with copper oxide (CuO) nanostructure. SEM images revealed material compactness without phase segregation and EDX mapping showed a homogenous structure. Pressed disk electrode fabricated with SiO 2 /C/CuO nanocomposite material was evaluated as an amperometric non-enzymatic glucose sensor in 0.1 M NaOH solution. The linear response range, sensitivity, detection limit, and quantification limit were 0.02-20.0 mmol L-1 , 0.06 µmol L-1 , 472 µA mmol-1 L-1 cm-2 , and 0.76 mmol L-1 , respectively. The electrode response time is less than 1 s with the addition of 0.02 mmol L-1 glucose. The electrode is chemically stable, exhibits rapid and excellent sensitivity and does not show any interference from coexisting species present in the blood samples. The proposed sensor repeatability was assessed as 1.9 % RSD for ten measurements of 13.0 mmol L-1 glucose solution. The sensor tested to ascertain glucose in blood serum showed to be a promising tool for the future evolution of non-enzymatic glucose sensors.