Residual acetone produces explosives during the production of graphite oxide (original) (raw)
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Graphene related to explosives
The objective of this book is to help PhD students, master's students, undergraduate students, and researchers in defining research needs and techniques. This book offers Research Ideas in addition to a full list of the acronyms, analyses, techniques, and other words used in the 27 journals linked to Explosive Graphene Students will get acquainted with the most utilised techniques, analyses, and models in this area of study by reading the list of tables in this book. Therefore, numerous research hurdles have been addressed, including identifying research gaps and generating a research methodology. This book is meant for researchers in Palm Oil to Graphene but is not restricted to them solely. This book is beneficial to everyone. GUIDELINES TO USE THIS BOOK As you can notice, this book contains Tables that lists all the names of abbreviations, analysis, behaviour etc that are mentioned in all 27 journals that are mentioned in references section. The purpose of the lists is to help identify the most occurrence names mentioned in those journals. This book gathers findings from hundreds of journals connected to the subject matter to help students find their research gaps and research methodologies easier. Students are urged to utilise this book to determine which research gaps and methodologies are appropriate for their research. Your choice should be discussed with your research supervisor.
Graphite Oxide: A Simple and Reproducible Synthesis Route
Graphene Production and Application [Working Title]
The synthesis of graphite oxide (GrO) by oxidation of graphite has been carried out by different procedures. In this chapter, we describe a simple synthesis route based on Hummers' method without the usage of NaNO 3 achieving nearly the same outcomes, and this methodology is directed toward high-quality scale production of GrO with similar properties compared with GrO obtained with traditional and improved Hummers' methods. The GrO was obtained in a series of batch reactions and characterized by different techniques, and the results showed identical interlayer d-space, type and content of oxygen functionalities, and I D /I G ratio. The high reproducibility of this methodology offers an efficient alternative for the large-scale production of graphene oxide.
Modifications in development of graphene oxide synthetic routes
Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016
The synthesis of graphene oxide is discussed in this critical review. Particular emphasis is directed towards the conventional methods for the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO), their draw backs and modifications to enhance the efficiency of conventional synthetic routes. Moreover, this review covers the comparison of all the existing techniques for the graphene oxide synthesis. This review will be of value to the researchers interested in this emerging field of material science for developing the synthetic recipe in order to attain specific morphologies of GO for particular applications.
A Low-Cost Non-explosive Synthesis of Graphene Oxide for Scalable Applications
Scientific Reports, 2018
A low cost, non-explosive process for the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) is demonstrated. Using suitable choice of reaction parameters including temperature and time, this recipe does not require expensive membranes for filtration of carbonaceous and metallic residues. A pre-cooling protocol is introduced to control the explosive nature of the highly exothermic reactions during the oxidation process. This alleviates the requirement for expensive membranes and completely eliminates the explosive nature of intermediate reaction steps when compared to existing methods. High quality of the synthesized GO is corroborated using a host of characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction, optical spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and current-voltage characteristics. Simple reduction protocol using ultraviolet light is demonstrated for potential application in the area of photovoltaics. Using different reduction protocols together with the proposed inexpensive method, reduced GO samples with tunable conductance over a wide range of values is demonstrated. Density functional theory is employed to understand the structure of GO. We anticipate that this scalable approach will catalyze large scale applications of GO.
2003
The chemical reduction of graphite oxide (GO) to graphite by either NaBH4 or hydroquinone and also its surface modification with neutral, primary aliphatic amines and amino acids are described. Treatment of GO with NaBH4 leads to turbostatic graphite that upon calcination under an inert atmosphere is transformed to highly ordered graphitic carbon, while the reduction with hydroquinone yields directly crystalline graphite under soft thermal conditions. On account of the surface-exposed epoxy groups present in the GO solid, its surface modification with neutral, primary aliphatic amines or amine-containing molecules (amino acids and aminosiloxanes) takes place easily through the corresponding nucleophilic substitution reactions. In this way, valuable GO derivatives can be obtained, like molecular pillared GO, organically modified GO affording in organic solvents stable organosols or hydrophilic GO affording in water stable hydrosols and possessing direct cation exchange sites. The potential combination of surface modification and chemical reduction of GO in producing novel graphite based materials is also presented.
Graphene oxide : A No-Acid Low-Temperature Synthesis from Graphite
ChemistrySelect, 2017
Graphite responds to nitro addition by NO 2 radical and the nitro derivative isomerizes to energetically favorable nirito form under ambient condition. This derivative readily hydrolyzed in forming poly-hydroxylated graphene, "graphenol". The (graph)enol responds to irreversible transformation in its keto form with 1,4 hydrogen shift yielding the graphene oxide (GO) as the end product that also possesses CÀH bonds. The conventional methodology used in synthesizing GO under strong acid medium inherently follow this NO 2 and similar sigma centric free radical addition reactions. These energy released reactions are supported by density functional theoretical (DFT) calculation. Brodie [1,2] in 1859 reported a "paper foil" derivative of graphite, named 'graphon' (graphite oxide), by treating graphite with strong oxidizing mixture of KClO 3 and fuming HNO 3. Almost hundred years later Hummers and Offeman [3] developed a less hazardous process using a mixture of several oxidizing agents like concentrated H 2 SO 4 , NaNO 3 and KMnO 4 , which is widely used even today, often with minor modifications to smother the explosive nature of this reaction. [4] Based on electron microscopy and XRD data, Boehm and coworkers [1b,5] structurally analyzed this derivative as graphene, possessing few graphitic carbon layers. Opting the carbon source from graphite to anthracite coal, a less stringent corrosive mixture of concentrated H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 has been applied and the product so obtained was miniature version of GO, termed as graphene quantum dot. [6] From the low grade coal, the native GO [7] has been shown to be separated by simply treating with dilute HNO 3. In all these GO syntheses there may be an extra [a] B.
The chemistry of graphene oxide
The chemistry of graphene oxide is discussed in this critical review. Particular emphasis is directed toward the synthesis of graphene oxide, as well as its structure. Graphene oxide as a substrate for a variety of chemical transformations, including its reduction to graphene-like materials, is also discussed. This review will be of value to synthetic chemists interested in this emerging field of materials science, as well as those investigating applications of graphene who would find a more thorough treatment of the chemistry of graphene oxide useful in understanding the scope and limitations of current approaches which utilize this material (91 references).
Chemical methods for the production of graphenes
Nature Nanotechnology, 2010
Several authors have stated that homogeneous colloidal suspensions of graphene oxide in aqueous and various organic solvents can be achieved by simple sonication of graphite oxide . The hydrophilic graphene oxide can be easily dispersed in water
Improved Synthesis of Graphene Oxide
An improved method for the preparation of graphene oxide (GO) is described. Currently, Hummers' method (KMnO 4 , NaNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 ) is the most common method used for preparing graphene oxide. We have found that excluding the NaNO 3 , increasing the amount of KMnO 4 , and performing the reaction in a 9:1 mixture of H 2 SO 4 /H 3 PO 4 improves the efficiency of the oxidation process. This improved method provides a greater amount of hydrophilic oxidized graphene material as compared to Hummers' method or Hummers' method with additional KMnO 4 . Moreover, even though the GO produced by our method is more oxidized than that prepared by Hummers' method, when both are reduced in the same chamber with hydrazine, chemically converted graphene (CCG) produced from this new method is equivalent in its electrical conductivity. In contrast to Hummers' method, the new method does not generate toxic gas and the temperature is easily controlled. This improved synthesis of GO may be important for large-scale production of GO as well as the construction of devices composed of the subsequent CCG.
Graphite Oxide and Aromatic Amines: Size Matters
Advanced Functional Materials, 2014
currently one of the most promising is the chemical exfoliation of graphite passing the oxidation of the graphene sheets in order to form graphene oxide. [ 8,11,12 ] Graphene or graphite oxide (GO) is a layered material achieved through strong oxidation of graphite. [ 13-15 ] GO is characterized by the presence of oxygen-containing moieties, mostly hydroxyl and epoxy groups on the basal plane, and carboxyl groups prevalently at the edges of the carbon sheets. These groups convert hydrophobic graphite into highly soluble graphite oxide in several polar and nonpolar solvents, including water. [ 16,17 ] By now the attachment of functional groups is exploited by the well-established intercalation chemistry [ 18-20 ] leading to graphenebased hybrid materials for electrochemical sensors and biosensors or fi llers in composite materials for engineering applications, supercapacitors, energy storage and environmental applications. [ 8,21-26 ] Although the adsorption of organic molecules on carbon surfaces has been studied extensively for many years [ 27-31 ] no mechanism for covalent or non-covalent functionalization of graphene sheets through chemical grafting or π-π interactions respectively, using aromatic molecules has been reported up to now. Studies on carbon nanotubes have shown strong adsorption affi nity with many organic contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [ 23,32-35 ] where the high adsorptive interactions of carbon nanotubes and aromatic molecules derive from the π-π electron donor-acceptor interaction between the conjugated core of the molecules (donors) and the carbon nanotubes (acceptors). [ 23,36,37 ] In this work, we demonstrate for the fi rst time the mechanism, by which two aromatic molecules, aniline and naphthalene amine, interact with the graphite oxide matrix and form new intercalated hybrid nanostructures. The structure and properties of this new class of materials may lead to potentially promising applications in water treatment, catalysis, solid state gas sensors, and energy storage devices. 2. Results and Discussion X-ray diffraction (XRD) data were collected to investigate the intercalation of aniline and naphthalene amine molecules into the interlayer space of graphite oxide. Figure 1 displays the XRD pattern of graphite oxide (GO), and of graphite oxide after mixing with aniline (GO_A) and naphthalene amine