The Gravitational Potential Energy of Photons is Against the Experimental Evidence (original) (raw)
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2000
From the equivalence principle and true gravitational (G) time dilation experiments it is concluded that ``matter is not invariable after a change of relative position with respect to other bodies''. As a general principle (GP), such variations cannot be locally detected because the basic parameters of all of the 'well-defined parts' of the instruments change, lineally, in the same proportion with respect to their original values''. Only observers that don't change of position can detect them. Thus, to relate quantities measured by observers in different G potentials they must be previously transformed after Lorenz and G transformations derived from experiments. They are account for all of the ``G tests''. However ``they are not consistent with the presumed energy exchange between the field and the bodies''. The lack of energy of the G field is justified from the GP, according to which particles models made up of photons in stat...
Citation: Peter Rafay I. About the Gravitational Interaction of Photons
2017
In the following article, the author theoretically proved that during a threshold frequency of electromagnetic radiation equal to Planck's frequency, this radiation, under the influence of the force of gravity between photons, will stop. The energy will transform itself into so-called 'dark energy'. This 'dark energy' affects gravity, yet it does not move or does not oscillate in the real sense of the term. Another observation regarding gravitational energy is that it is dependent upon the ratio of Planck's length and the distance between two interacting objects, as well as the ratio of the multiplied energies of two interacting particles to Planck's energy, which are a part of the constants of nature. Further results can be obtained through further theoretical and practical research.
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Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2023
We study a problem of energy and momentum of photons redshifted in a gravitational field. Based on the Einstein-Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic waves in curved spacetimes, we derive formulas for the speed, energy and momentum of photons in gravitational fields. The formulas are further specified for the Schwarzschild metric describing a local gravitational field around a massive body. It is shown that energy of photons is conserved in inertial (free-falling) as well as in non-inertial coordinate systems, and no energy is exchanged between photons and the gravitational field. The Planck energy-frequency relation valid in Special Relativity is modified to be applicable also to General Relativity. According to the new Planck relation, the photon energy depends not only on the frequency of photons but also on their speed. In a free-falling system, the photon energy is conserved, because no frequency shift and no change of the photon speed is detected. In non-inertial systems, the photon energy is also conserved, because the frequency shift due to gravity is compensated by the change of the photon speed.
SCIENCE WITHOUT BORDERS. Transactions of the International Academy of Science.H&E. Vol.2. Innsbruck, 2005/2006, pp.204-216. ISSN 2070-0334 ISBN 978-9952-451-04-7, 2006
Quantum mechanics, the third constituent part of quantum theory of gravity, was created in 1925 by W.Heizenberg and E.Schrodinger, but in its initial wording the theory of gravity wasn't paid attention to. Nevertheless, it was a great success, as were waiting for their explanation for a long time the experimental observations, where dominated namely quantum effects, but relativist effects played little or trifling role. Despite the active researches during a few last ten years, the quantum gravity hasn't been built. The main difficulty in its construction is that two physical theories which it tries to connect together – the quantum mechanics and general theory of relativity (GTR) – are guided by different set of principles /5/. So, the quantum mechanics is formulated as a theory of moving of particles against the background of external space-time. There isn't external space-time in the whole theory of relativity: it is the dynamic variable theory itself. In view of mentioned problems the attempt to do the quantification of classical theory of gravity (GTR) causes many technical problems. The situation is aggravated by the fact that the direct experiments in the sphere of quantum gravity aren't accessible to modern technologies. In this connection, in the search of right formulating of quantum gravity, it can be guided only by theoretical calculations. What way is the transmission of gravitational energy carried out in quantum gravity? It is supposed that the gravitational powers are transmitted by means of special particles, which don't have the masses – gravitons. The main distinctive peculiarity of elementary particles of different families is a spin, which can be represented as a result of revolving of particles on their axes. Spin of electrons, protons and neutrons is ½, and the spin of particles which don't have mass, as, for example, photon, is 1. Consequently, all exchange particles of strong and electromagnetic interaction has a spin equal to 1, that is why the equal particles are repelled (for example, two electrons), and the particles with opposite charges are gravitated (for example, electron and proton). It is considered that graviton has a spin equal to 2, as all interactions with the exchange with particles which have a spin equal to 2, are characterized only by attraction /9/. In 1976 D.A.Freedman, P.van Nivenscheizen and S. Ferrara, and independently of them S.Deser and B.Zumino was elaborated a theory of super-gravity. In this theory is considered the only kind of particle – super-particles. This particle can be as any particle, which carries out the interaction, including a quark or lepton (" light " particle, for example, electron), connecting on this way the gravity with the rest interactions and particles. Using this approach, there appears the opportunity to build a theory of gravity, having been based on the notion of graviton which has a spin 2, at that the particles of the substance are interacted, exchanging with gravitons in accordance with the equations of the general theory of relativity of Einstein. SCIENCE WITHOUT BORDERS. Transactions of the International Academy of Science.H&E. Vol.2. Innsbruck, 2005/2006, pp.204-216. ISSN 2070-0334 ISBN 978-9952-451-04-7
Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy, 2021
It is shown that gravitating objects that are at rest, or move without acceleration, create a standing gravitational wave in space. The length of this wave is a quantization step of the gravitational field. It is proportional to the mass of the gravitating object. The coefficient of proportionality is a value that is inverse to the linear density of the Planck mass, that is, proportional to the linear rarefaction of the Planck mass. A physically standing gravitational wave is a curvature, deformation of space under the influence of the gravitational field of a gravitating object. If we imagine a gravitating object as a material point, then the geometric picture of a standing gravitational wave can be represented as a set of hierarchical spherical equipotential surfaces embedded in each other, the radius of which changes away from the center of gravity by the value of the quantization step. It is shown that a standing gravitational wave has a quantum character. The quantum of the gravitational field is the square of the speed of light in a vacuum. The quantum of the gravitational field is equal to the gravitational potential of the gravitating object at a distance from it equal to the quantization step. Theoretical and experimental substantiation of the presence of gravitational-electromagnetic resonance (GER) in nature is given. This resonance arises when the wave vectors of a standing gravitational wave and an electromagnetic wave traveling in space are equal. GER is the basis for modulating the emission spectrum of stars and their clusters. The wavelength of the envelope of the spectrum is proportional to the mass of the radiating object. By measuring the wavelength of the envelope, one can accurately estimate the mass of the radiating object. The physical nature of the quantum gravitational field is the kinematic gravitational viscosity of the gravitational field of the baryonic matter of the observable Universe.
Possible astrophysical probes of quantum gravity
2002
A satisfactory theory of quantum gravity will very likely require modification of our classical perception of space-time, perhaps by giving it a 'foamy' structure at scales of order the Planck length. This is expected to modify the propagation of photons and other relativistic particles such as neutrinos, such that they will experience a non-trivial refractive index even in vacuo. The implied spontaneous violation of Lorentz invariance may also result in alterations of kinematical thresholds for key astrophysical processes involving high energy cosmic radiation. We discuss experimental probes of these possible manifestations of the fundamental quantum nature of space-time using observations of distant astrophysical sources such as gamma-ray bursts and active galactic nuclei.
The Search for Quantum Gravity Signals
AIP Conference Proceedings, 2005
We give an overview of ongoing searches for effects motivated by the study of the quantumgravity problem. We describe in greater detail approaches which have not been covered in recent "Quantum Gravity Phenomenology" reviews. In particular, we outline a new framework for describing Lorentz invariance violation in the Maxwell sector. We also discuss the general strategy on the experimental side as well as on the theoretical side for a search for quantum gravity effects. The role of test theories, kinematical and dymamical, in this general context is emphasized. The present status of controlled laboratory experiments is described, and we also summarize some key results obtained on the basis of astrophysical observations.
It is shown that gravitating objects that are at rest, or move without acceleration, create a standing gravitational wave in space. The length of this wave is a quantization step of the gravitational field. It is proportional to the mass of the gravitating object. The coefficient of proportionality is a value that is inverse to the linear density of the Planck mass, that is, proportional to the linear rarefaction of the Planck mass. A physically standing gravitational wave is a curvature, deformation of space under the influence of the gravitational field of a gravitating object. If we imagine a gravitating object as a material point, then the geometric picture of a standing gravitational wave can be represented as a set of hierarchical spherical equipotential surfaces embedded in each other, the radius of which changes away from the center of gravity by the value of the quantization step. It is shown that a standing gravitational wave has a quantum character. The quantum of the gravitational field is the square of the speed of light in a vacuum. The quantum of the gravitational field is equal to the gravitational potential of the gravitating object at a distance from it equal to the quantization step. Theoretical and experimental substantiation of the presence of gravitational-electromagnetic resonance (GER) in nature is given. This resonance arises when the wave vectors of a standing gravitational wave and an electromagnetic wave traveling in space are equal. GER is the basis for modulating the emission spectrum of stars and their clusters. The wavelength of the envelope of the spectrum is proportional to the mass of the radiating object. By measuring the wavelength of the envelope, one can accurately estimate the mass of the radiating object.