Error bounds of empirical path loss models at VHF/UHF bands in Kwara State, Nigeria (original) (raw)
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Assessment Of Some Basic Empirical Path Loss Model For Vhf And Uhf In Kano City Nigerian Environment
International Journal of Advanced Networking and Applications
High demands of wireless data service are increase globally and this makes Empirical path loss models of great interest. Path= loss= Propagation= models= are= useful= as= predictive= tools= for= receiving= signal= intensity= at= any= particular= distance= between= the= transmitter= and= the= receiver= at= that= particular= point,= it= is= important= in= many= ways,= such= as= Base= Transceiver= Stations= (BTS)= location,= radio= coverage= area= estimation,= frequency= assignments,= interference= analysis,= optimization= transfer,= power= adjustment= and= connection= budget. This paper presents an assessments and evaluation of five widely used empirical path loss models in predicting signal in the VHF and UHF bands in Kano City, Nigeria. In the work, five error analysis methods are used and a large scale field strength measurement was conducted within Kano State metropolis using specially configured dual band handset, GPS and GENEX® Probe software, data samples were collected along a predefined route Measurement= of= the= drive= test= was= carried= out= in= Kano, Nigeria= to= obtain= path= loss= data= from= various= base= station= transmitters= at= varying= distances. The routes covered are Zaria highway through eastern bypass road Dan Agundi to Bayero University, Kano old site, Hotoro GRA, Badawa Layout to SabonGari along MM way and Kabuga to Bayero University New site.It was found that HATA model provides the best results in terms of minimum mean Error, RMSE and SCRMSE. HATA model has the best fit which falls within the acceptable range of ±10dB.
IEEE Access
A deep knowledge of how radio waves behave in practical wireless channel is required for effective planning and deployment of radio access networks in urban environments. Empirical propagation models are popular for their simplicity, but they are prone to introduce high prediction errors. Different heuristic methods and geospatial approaches have been developed to further reduce path loss prediction error. However, the efficacy of these new techniques in built-up areas should be experimentally verified. In this paper, the efficiencies of empirical, heuristic and geospatial methods for signal fading predictions in the VHF (Very High Frequency) and UHF (Very High Frequency) bands in typical urban environments are evaluated and analysed. Electromagnetic field strength measurements are performed at different test locations within four selected cities in Nigeria. The data collected are used to develop path loss models based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Kriging techniques. The prediction results of the developed models are compared with those of selected empirical models and field measured data. Apart from Egli and ECC-33, the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) produced by all other models under investigation are considered acceptable. Specifically, ANN and ANFIS models yielded the lowest prediction errors. However, the empirical models have the lowest standard deviation errors across all the bands. The findings of this study will help radio network engineers: to achieve efficient radio coverage estimation; to determine the optimal base station location; to make a proper frequency allocation; to select the most suitable antenna and to perform interference feasibility studies.
Path Loss Modelling of UHF Radio Wave Propagation in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
2019
In order to achieve optimal performance of a wireless communication system in any given environment, empirical path loss models are used to predict the received signal strength and power. We present an assessment of the quality of UHF signal reception and development of path loss model in the UHF range for the city of Ado-Ekiti in Nigeria, using the signal field strength of the broadcast signal of Ekiti State Television (EKTV). Measurements of received signal field strength within and around the city were carried out and analyzed, from which path loss models in the UHF range were developed for Ado-Ekiti using linear regression model – one being a general model, and the other is for the western region of Ado-Ekiti with irregular terrain. The result of the field strength measurements from EKTV in comparison with ITU recommendation for analogue terrestrial television service in band V shows that the quality of reception within Ado-Ekiti metropolis is good. Also, path loss prediction fo...
International Journal of Information Engineering and Electronic Business, 2020
Path-loss propagation models are useful in radio communications for the prediction of signal's coverage area, link's design and power budget. They are equally used for radio channel characterization to accurately predict television coverage, interference analysis and ensure coexistence between the primary service providers and secondary users (through frequency re-use). One of the challenges with the application of a predictive path loss model for any environment other than the one it was developed for is the issue of high prediction errors. This is due to their high dependence on environmental complexity and terrain. In this paper, we investigated the error bounds of eight empirical path loss models to evaluate their reliability of predicting path losses on the UHF band in Ekiti State, South West Nigeria. Measurement of the signal strength for the UHF channel 41 (631.25MHz), Television Broadcasting Station at Ado-Ekiti, was carried out via major routes spanning through the Urban and Suburban areas of the State, using the station as reference. The signal strength values were converted to path losses and compared with predictions of eight selected models. The prediction error, relative error, root mean square error (RMSE), spread corrected mean square error (SC-RMSE), skewness and the normalized error probability density function metrics was calculated to determine the error bound which was used to validate the best predictive model for the routes under consideration. The results of this investigation show that no single model gives an accurate prediction consistently based on the evaluating metrics. However, the Electronic Communication Committee (ECC) 33 model provides better values for the overall metrics considered with RMSE values of 8.48 dB and 9.62 dB (between it and measured values) for Ekiti Suburban and Urban routes respectively. Therefore, optimizing ECC 33 model will bring the RMSE values to the standard acceptable range for both suburban and urban routes. The significance of this finding is that ECC 33 model has the least prediction error compared to other selected models and by extension the closest value to the measured values. This validates it to be suitable for the prediction of path losses on the UHF band over the study area.
Path loss Characterization of Wireless Propagation for South – South Region of Nigeria
This paper presents statistical path loss models derived from experimental data collected in Port Harcourt in South-South region of Nigeria from 10 existing microcells operating at 876 MHz. The results of the measurements were used to develop path loss models for the urban (Category A) and the suburban (Category B) areas of Port Harcourt. The measurement results showed that the Pathloss increases by 35.5dB and 25.7dB per decade in the urban (Category A) and suburban (Category B) areas respectively. Variations in path loss between the measured and the predicted values from the Okumura-Hata model were calculated by finding the mean square errors (MSE) to be 10.7dB and 13.4dB for the urban and suburban terrains respectively. These variations (errors) were used to modify the Okumura-Hata models for the two terrain categories. comparing the modified Hata model with the measured values for the two categories showed a better result. The developed statistical Pathloss models or the modified Hata models can be used in the urban and suburban areas of South-South Nigeria.
Current Applied Science and Technology, 2021
The role of propagation models in the planning of wireless network, evaluation of cell parameters and frequency assignment cannot be overemphasized. One of the major difficulties with the application of path loss predicting models for any environment is that no two environments are the same in building patterns, terrain, atmospheric conditions, etc. It is therefore impracticable to formulate a single path loss model for all environments. In this study, an assessment of microwave frequency band measurement results based on received signal strength (RSS) values from four base stations in four urban environments in Osun State, Nigeria, are presented. The measured path loss values of each base station were extracted from the RSS values and compared with the results estimated from five conventional path loss models. Model comparison results based on three metric measures and fitting accuracy showed that a log-normal shadowing model exhibited a better agreement with the measured path loss...
The study was based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for Global System for Mobile Communications at 900MHz. Drive test analyses were carried out from two selected terrains in Rivers State namely GRA Phase II and Aggrey Road classified as urban and suburban areas respectively, to evaluate the best propagation model for the study area. The data obtained were used to compare the various prediction models namely; Cost 231, Okumura-Hata and ECC-33. Mean path loss values of 115.16dB for Okumura-Hata and 117.79dB for COST 231 and 280.88dB for ECC-33 respectively were predicted in the urban environment. Mean path loss values of 115.16dB, 114.76dB and 314.84dB were predicted by Okumura-Hata, Cost 231and ECC-33 models respectively in the suburban environment. ECC-33 over estimated path loss and gave the highest prediction in both environments. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban while COST 231 performed better in the suburban environment. Okumura-hata and COST 231 models are recommended for deployment in urban and suburban environments respectively.
Journal of Academia and Industrial Research (JAIR), 2015
This study provides an extension of path loss prediction in urban city of Imo State of Nigeria with a measured set of propagation at 910 MHz band. This study discusses and implements Okumura, Hata, cost-231, walfisch-Ikegami model, Sagami-Kuboi model even though Hata and cost-231 Hata models are extensively used in path loss analysis for GSM and CDMA systems comparison with the set results developed. It is of utmost importance that this study guides network designers in mobile cellular propagation and inculcates an accurate method of designing, deploying and managing of their network for proper attenuation.
Path Loss Propagation Model Prediction For Gsm Mobile Networks In Nigeria
2017
Propagation path loss has great impact on the quality of services delivered by mobile communication companies. Accurate determination of propagation path loss leads to the development of efficient design, operation of high quality and capacity network. There are a lot of path loss models developed by previous researchers; however such models cannot be generalized to all environments. This research is aimed at predicting propagation path loss model which can be helpful in planning the best Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) networks in Dutse town, Jigawa state Nigeria. The methodology employed is measurement and instrumentation method. Digital wheel meter and handheld Spectrum analyzer (AAronia AG HF 2025E spectran) were used to measure signal path loss at Garu, Fagoji, and Takur and Gida dubu sites in Dutse town respectively. Theoutdoor fields' measurements were carried out at 900MHz frequency range. The average path losses measured and predicted are 75.70db, 70.20db, ...
Analytical Comparison of Path Loss Models for Radio Wave Propagation over Yenagoa–Southern Nigeria
Asian journal of physical and chemical sciences, 2023
Using propagation models helps with communication system planning and maximizes the use of the radio spectrum, a limited natural resource. Here is a comparative analysis between some propagation models and actual measurements from Yenagoa, Southern Nigeria. Electric field strength measurements made during drive tests for two television transmitters operating at 210.25 MHz and 577.10 MHz make up the experimental data. Analytical comparisons were made between verified predictions for the free space, Okumura, and Hata models and measured data. The results demonstrate that these empirical models fail to take into account Yenagoa's actual terrain profile for television broadcast. The Okumura model is the best fit, with ideal values for root mean square error (RMSE) of 34.9136 and 33.2841 and average relative error of 0.13212 and 0.4327 for 210.25 MHz and 577.10 MHz, respectively. However, if the Okumura model is tailored for Yenagoa to improve electric field strength prediction and coverage estimation, better results can be attained.