Estimating the effect of controlled drainage on soil salinity and irrigation efficiency in the Harran Plain using SaltMod.pdf (original) (raw)
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Water
Irrigation practice for rice culture can be especially challenging in areas with limited water supply and soil salinization. In this study, we carried out a field experiment to assess the effects of different water discharge frequencies on soil salt content, rice yield and water use efficiency on a saline-sodic soil in a semi-arid region of Northeast China. The experiment comprised of three frequency levels of discharge [9-time (I-9-30), 6-time (I-6-30) and 3-time (I-3-30) discharge, all followed with a 30-mm irrigation] in comparison with the traditional irrigation practice of 2-time discharge followed with an 80-mm irrigation (I-2-80). Our initial hypothesis was that increasing discharge frequency would increase both salt reduction and rice yield. Daily precipitation was recorded by a nearby weather station, and evapotranspiration and soil water percolation rates were measured at experimental sites using soil pits. The measurements were used to establish a water balance for each treatment. Our results showed that soil salt reduction increased with the increasing discharge frequency at a 30-mm irrigation water depth. The 9-time discharge reduced a large amount of soil salt (995.0 kg ha −1 ) after five months of the study. Rice yield also increased with the increasing discharge frequency with a 30-mm irrigation water depth; however, when compared to the traditional 2-time discharge followed with an 80-mm irrigation, rice yield at the sites with more frequent discharge (i.e., I-9-30, I-6-30 and I-3-30) was 11%-18% lower. Because of this, rice yield and irrigation water use efficiency were significantly higher under the
Irrigation and Drainage …, 1999
In situ use of ground water by plants is one option being considered to reduce discharge of subsurface drainage water from irrigated agriculture. Laboratory, lysimeter, and field studies have demonstrated that crops can use significant quantities of water from shallow ground water. However, most studies lack the data needed to include the crop water use into an integrated irrigation and drainage water management system. This paper describes previous studies which demonstrated the potential use of ground water to support plant growth and the associated limitations. Included are results from three field studies which demonstrated some of the management techniques needed to develop an integrated system. The field studies demonstrated that approximately 40 to 45% of the water requirement for cotton can be derived from shallow saline ground water. That regulation of the outflow will result in increasing use. Implementation of integrated management of irrigation and subsurface drainage systems is a viable and sustainable alternative in the management of subsurface drainage water from arid and semi-arid areas only if soil salinity can be managed and if the system is profitable.
Article Water Use Efficiency in Saline Soils under Cotton Cultivation in the Tarim River Basin
2015
The Tarim River Basin, the largest area of Chinese cotton production, is receiving increased attention because of serious environmental problems. At two experimental stations (Korla and Aksu), we studied the influence of salinity on cotton yield. Soil chemical and physical properties, soil water content, soil total suction and matric suction, cotton yield and water use efficiency under plastic mulched drip irrigation in different saline soils was measured during cotton growth season. The salinity (mS•cm −1) were 17-25 (low) at Aksu and Korla, 29-50 (middle) at Aksu and 52-62 (high) at Aksu for ECe (Electrical conductivity measured in saturation-paste extract of soil) over the 100 cm soil profile. The soil water characteristic curves in different saline soils showed that the soil water content (15%-23%) at top 40 cm soil, lower total suction power (below 3500 kPa) and lower matric suction (below 30 kPa) in low saline soil at Korla had the highest water use efficiency (10 kg•ha −1 •mm −1) and highest irrigation water use efficiency (12 kg•ha −1 •mm −1) and highest yield (6.64 t•ha −1). Higher water content below 30 cm in high saline soil increased the salinity risk and led to lower yield (2.39 t•ha −1). Compared to low saline soils OPEN ACCESS Water 2015, 7 3104 at Aksu, the low saline soil at Korla saved 110 mm irrigation and 103 mm total water to reach 1 t•ha −1 yield and increased water use efficiency by 5 kg•ha −1 •mm −1 and 7 kg•ha −1 •mm −1 for water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) respectively.
Water Use Efficiency in Saline Soils under Cotton Cultivation in the Tarim River Basin
Water, 2015
The Tarim River Basin, the largest area of Chinese cotton production, is receiving increased attention because of serious environmental problems. At two experimental stations (Korla and Aksu), we studied the influence of salinity on cotton yield. Soil chemical and physical properties, soil water content, soil total suction and matric suction, cotton yield and water use efficiency under plastic mulched drip irrigation in different saline soils was measured during cotton growth season. The salinity (mS•cm −1) were 17-25 (low) at Aksu and Korla, 29-50 (middle) at Aksu and 52-62 (high) at Aksu for ECe (Electrical conductivity measured in saturation-paste extract of soil) over the 100 cm soil profile. The soil water characteristic curves in different saline soils showed that the soil water content (15%-23%) at top 40 cm soil, lower total suction power (below 3500 kPa) and lower matric suction (below 30 kPa) in low saline soil at Korla had the highest water use efficiency (10 kg•ha −1 •mm −1) and highest irrigation water use efficiency (12 kg•ha −1 •mm −1) and highest yield (6.64 t•ha −1). Higher water content below 30 cm in high saline soil increased the salinity risk and led to lower yield (2.39 t•ha −1). Compared to low saline soils OPEN ACCESS Water 2015, 7 3104 at Aksu, the low saline soil at Korla saved 110 mm irrigation and 103 mm total water to reach 1 t•ha −1 yield and increased water use efficiency by 5 kg•ha −1 •mm −1 and 7 kg•ha −1 •mm −1 for water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) respectively.
DRAINMOD-S: Water management model for irrigated arid lands, crop yield and applications
Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 1995
The primary objective of an agriculture water management system is to provide crop needs to sustain high yields. Another objective of equal or greater importance in some regions is to reduce agriculture impacts on surface and groundwater quality. Kandil et al. (1992) modified the water management model DRAINMOD to predict soil salinity as affected by irrigation water quality and drainage system design. The objectives of this study are to incorporate an algorithm to quantify the effects of stresses due to soff salinity on crop yields and to demonstrate the applications of the model. DRAINMOD-S, is capable of predicting the long-term effects of different irrigation and drainage practices on crop yields. The overall crop funcfion in the model includes the effects of stresses cansed by excessive soil water condifions (waterlogging), soil waterdeficits, salinity, and planting delays. Three irrigation strategies and six drain spacings were considered for all crops. In the first irrigation strategy, the irrigation amounts were equal to evapotranspiration requirements by the crops, with the addition of a 10 cm depth of water for leaching applied during each growing season. In the second strategy, the leaching depth (10 cm) was applied before the growing season. In the third strategy, a leaching depth of 15 cm was applied before the growing season for each crop. Another strategy (4th) with more leaching was considered for bean which is the crop most sensitive to salinity. In the fourth strategy, 14 days intervals were used instead of 7 and leaching irrigations were applied: 15 cm before the growing season and i0 cm at the middle of the growing season for bean. The objective function for these simulations was crop yield. Soil water conditions and soil salinity were continuously simulated for a crop rotation of bean, cotton, maize, soybean, and wheat over a 19 years period. Yields of individual crops were predicted for each growing season. Results showed that the third irrigation strategy resulted in the highest yields for cotton, maize, soybean and wheat. Highest yields for bean were obtained by the fourth irrigation strategy. Results are also presented on the effects of drain depth and spacing on yields. DRAINMOD-S is written in Fortran and requires a PC with math-coprocessor. It was conclnded that DRAINMOD-S is a useful tool for design and evaluation of irrigation and drainage systems in irrigated arid lands.
Surface water management for irrigation use in drought prone areas
Soil salinity and alkalinity have been reported to reduce crop production in approximately seven million hectares in India. The area under this category is increasing due to faulty water management coupled over with irrigation, seepage loss, impeded drainage, rapid rise of water table causing water-logging and secondary salination etc. The soil problems differ from location to location. The important ones are: (i) Soil salinity, (ii) soil sodicity, (iii) soil acidity, (iv) highly permeable light textured soil, (v) less permeable heavy textured soil, (vi) soils with surface crusting , (vii) presence of heavy clay pan in the subsoil, (viii) soil with impeded drainage etc. These soils are characterised by the presence of water soluble salts like chlorides, sulphates, carbonates, and bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium in the root zone and surface of soil. When suitable agronomic management practices are adopted, the saline soils can also give reasonably good yields. Some of the methods that can be adopted are classified as: (i) Irrigation management practices, (ii) leaching out of salts, and (iii) drainage systems. Some of the irrigation management practices that can be tried are; furrow irrigation, and broad bed furrows, double row beds, frequent sprinkler irrigation or giving number of light irrigations. The basic principle in all these is to irrigate frequently and adequately following the principle of leaching requirement of soil so that the salts are washed away from the root zone or the seeds. When poor quality waters are used throughout, the crops will be affected by changes in the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Consequently the crop productivity will also be affected. Accumulation of salts in the surface soils leads to development of salinity of soils. Water table also significantly modifies the effect of soil salination. For example, if the water table is maintained below the critical depth, the total salt content above the ground water table would diminish since the salts will move with ground water due to downward movement of solution. On the other hand if it is above critical depth, there would be a permanent increase in the salt content of the soil profile due to upward movement of salt solution. Management practices adopted for saline water are also discussed in the present study; in order to reduce the adverse effects crops.
Modeling the effects of saline water use in wheat-cultivated lands using the UNSATCHEM model
Irrigation Science, 2012
Waters of poor quality are often used to irrigate crops in arid and semiarid regions, including the Fars Province of southwest Iran. The UNSATCHEM model was first calibrated and validated using field data that were collected to evaluate the use of saline water for the wheat crop. The calibrated and validated model was then employed to study different aspects of the salinization process and the impact of rainfall. The effects of irrigation water quality on the salinization process were evaluated using model simulations, in which irrigation waters of different salinity were used. The salinization process under different practices of conjunctive water use was also studied using simulations. Different practices were evaluated and ranked on the basis of temporal changes in rootzone salinity, which were compared with respect to the sensitivity of wheat to salinity. This ranking was then verified using published field studies evaluating wheat yield data for different practices of conjunctive water use. Next, the effects of the water application rate on the soil salt balance were studied using the UNSATCHEM simulations. The salt balance was affected by the quantity of applied irrigation water and precipitation/dissolution reactions. The results suggested that the less irrigation water is used, the more salts (calcite and gypsum) precipitate from the soil solution. Finally, the model was used to evaluate how the electrical conductivity of irrigation water affects the wheat production while taking into account annual rainfall and its distribution throughout the year. The maximum salinity of the irrigation water supply, which can be safely used in the long term (33 years) without impairing the wheat production, was determined to be 6 dS m-1. Rainfall distribution also plays a major role in determining seasonal soil salinity of the root zone. Winter-concentrated rainfall is more effective in reducing salinity than a similar amount of rainfall distributed throughout autumn, winter, and spring seasons. Communicated by J. Ayars.
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING WATER MANAGEMENT AND AGROPHYSICS
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING, WATER MANAGEMENT AND AGROPHYSICS, 2024
The effect of irrigation water quality on the growth of maize plants, electric conductivity and pH of the soil Abstrac The research aims to determine the response of the Maize crop to irrigation with salt water during the growth stages, and to study the accumulation of salts in the soil, the degree of their interaction, and the efficiency of water use. Three types of irrigation water with salt concentrations (1.5, 4.5, 6.5) dSm −1 with three replicates for every kind water. The Randomized Complete Blocks Design was used in the experiment, and it was statistically analyzed using SPSS. Statistically significant differences were found at the 5% level according to Duncan's method. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences attributed to the salinity of irrigation water at the level of 4.5 dsm −1 (T2), which caused about 50% damage in plant height, root growth, leaf area per cob length, weight of 500 seeds, grain yield, and soil. Compared to salinity if irrigated with 1.5 dsm-1 (T1) salinity of river water. Using water with a salinity of 6.5 dsm-1 (T3) as wastewater resulted in a reduction of all apparent plant characteristics by 75%. An increase in soil salinity was also observed at the end of the experiment compared to its salinity at the beginning of the experiment, and this damage increases with an increase in the electrical conductivity of the water used in irrigation operations. It has been observed that soil PH decreases with increasing soil salinity.
International Journal of Digital Earth
The overarching goal of this study was to perform a comprehensive metaanalysis of irrigated agricultural Crop Water Productivity (CWP) of the world's three leading crops: wheat, corn, and rice based on three decades of remote sensing and non-remote sensing-based studies. Overall, CWP data from 148 crop growing study sites (60 wheat, 43 corn, and 45 rice) spread across the world were gathered from published articles spanning 31 different countries. There was overwhelming evidence of a significant increase in CWP with an increase in latitude for predominately northern hemisphere datasets. For example, corn grown in latitude 40-50°had much higher mean CWP (2.45 kg/m³) compared to mean CWP of corn grown in other latitudes such as 30-40°(1.67 kg/ m³) or 20-30°(0.94 kg/m³). The same trend existed for wheat and rice as well. For soils, none of the CWP values, for any of the three crops, were statistically different. However, mean CWP in higher latitudes for the same soil was significantly higher than the mean CWP for the same soil in lower latitudes. This applied for all three crops studied. For wheat, the global CWP categories were low (≤0.75 kg/m³), medium (>0.75 to <1.10 kg/m³), and high CWP (≥1.10 kg/m³). For corn the global CWP categories were low (≤1.25 kg/m³), medium (>1.25 to ≤1.75 kg/m³), and high (>1.75 kg/m³). For rice the global CWP categories were low (≤0.70 kg/m³), medium (>0.70 to ≤1.25 kg/m³), and high (>1.25 kg/m³). USA and China are the only two countries that have consistently high CWP for wheat, corn, and rice. Australia and India have medium CWP for wheat and rice. India's corn, however, has low CWP. Egypt, Turkey, Netherlands, Mexico, and Israel have high CWP for wheat. Romania, Argentina, and Hungary have high CWP for corn, and Philippines has high CWP for rice. All other countries have either low or medium CWP for all three crops. Based on data in this study, the highest consumers of water for crop production also have the most potential for water savings. These countries are USA, India, and China for wheat; USA, China, and Brazil for corn; India, China, and Pakistan for rice. For example, even just a 10% increase in CWP of wheat grown in India can save 6974 billion liters of water. This is equivalent to creating 6974 lakes each of 100 m³ in volume that leads to many benefits such as acting as 'water ARTICLE HISTORY