THE ROUTE OF PAUL'S SECOND JOURNEY IN ASIA MINOR: IN THE STEPS OF ROBERT JEWETT AND BEYOND (original) (raw)

Published in Tyndale Bulletin 67.2 (2016) 217-246) www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Tyndale-Bulletin Robert Jewett, in his 1997 article on Paul’s second journey, explored the geographical dimensions of Paul’s travel in north-west Asia Minor as described in Acts 16:6-8. His focus was to investigate thoroughly the road ‘down to Troas’ mentioned in verse 8. This study will not only renew that investigation from Dorylaeum where Jewett began it, but will also look at the earlier stages of the journey that began at Antioch on the Orontes. In so doing, it will examine the textual and material evidence that provides knowledge of the region’s road system. Regarding this route, Johnson observes: ‘Although endless scholarly discussion has been devoted to determining the precise route Paul took … it is in fact unsolvable.’ Despite such a pessimistic perspective, hodological research in north-west Asia Minor in recent decades has provided fresh data to aid in evaluating alternative proposals for Paul’s route. To this end, milestones and inscriptions will be noted especially. Relevant finds from archaeological excavations in the area of the journey will also be mentioned. Lastly, we will review publications since 1997 that have interacted with Jewett’s important study and then suggest other alternatives to his thesis. The authors wish to thank Professor Jewett for his innovative work on this subject. His model of doing on-site investigation has inspired us to take up this study, which owes much to his pioneering spirit and example.

THE 'UPPER REGIONS' AND THE ROUTE OF PAUL'S THIRD JOURNEY FROM APAMEA TO EPHESUS

Luke's phrase ἀνωτερικὰ μέρη in Acts 19:1 has been an interpretative conundrum for scholars of Acts for centuries. How Paul came to Ephesus at the start of the third journey is the geographical issue. The article begins with a brief lexical discussion. It then examines each of the proposed routes and their variants. Recent archaeological and hodological research in western Asia Minor as well as new cartographic productions provide fresh insights into these routes. How contemporary Bible atlases portray the route of the journey is then discussed. The methodological tools of Least Cost Path Analysis, Network Analysis, and 3D modelling are next employed to evaluate these routes. Based on these data, the Meander valley route from Apamea to Ephesus is preferred. The article concludes with several insights about Paul's travel and ministry programme in Acts derived from the study.

The Route of Paul's First Journey to Pisidian Antioch

New Testament Studies, 2009

The route of Paul's first journey between Perga and Pisidian Antioch is still disputed. This article examines the three alternatives proposed by scholars. It explores the geographical and historical evidence for each route, looking especially at the extensive road system that existed in Pamphylia, Pisidia, and south Galatia in the first century. Bible atlases routinely depict one route and the reasons for this choice are discussed. Based on a review of the evidence, a fresh hypothesis for the route of the first journey is suggested.

Paul's Walk to assos: a hodological inquiry into its Geography, archaeology, and Purpose

Stones, Bones and the Sacred: Essays from the Colloquia on Material Culture and Ancient Religion in Honor of Dennis E. Smith, 2016

The essay begins by laying out briefly the background for the walk in the context of Paul’s third journey discussed in Acts 20. It next presents the likely route from Alexandria Troas to Assos by examining the material remains along the way such as a bridge and roadways. Part of the route followed the Sacred Way linking Troas to the temple of Smintheus, and the findings of recent excavations at the Smintheum are presented. Finally, the various reasons for Paul’s walk proposed by scholars will be examined with our own proposals concluding the article.

The destination of Paul's first journey: Asia Minor or Africa

Pharos Journal of Theology, 2016

The results of experimental archaeology related to ancient seafaring, new studies of eastern Mediterranean trade networks, and recent archaeology on Cyprus shed new light on the itinerary of Paul's first missionary journey and the related question of the departure of John Mark from the apostolic party as related in Acts 13:13. It is now clear that Nea Paphos normally was used as a port of departure for ships sailing to Alexandria and North Africa, not Asia Minor. If Perga in Pamphylia were the original intended destination, then the travelers should have sailed from a port such as Lapithos or Kyrenia on the northern coast of Cyprus. This article will propose that the original intended destination of the missionaries was North Africa and that this change in plans led to the departure of John Mark. The results of asking this 'What if'? question will help to understand better Luke's literary enterprise, Paul's missionary purposes, and the development of early Christianity in the eastern Mediterranean.

A Kaleidoscope of Experiences on the Road in Late Antiquity: Graeco-Roman, Christian, and Jewish Literary Texts about Journeys and Travellers' Encounters in the Roman East

Tsur, 2018

Reviewed by Ephraim Nissan This first volume in a series is the result of a conference held in Jerusalem in June 2015, at the Hebrew University where the editor is Professor of Jewish Thought. The editor (a specialist in Mediterranean cities in Late Antiquity and the effects of encounters across denominational divides) is the author of the introduction, which follows two pages of maps. "The diversity of travel accounts in the Eastern Mediterranean is the subject of the present volume. The contributions are divided thematically into five sections, each of them devoted to a different aspect of the intersection between physical travel and subjective experience" (3). The volume "focuses on the literary dimension and the creative imagination of the individual authors" (12). "We hope to make a contribution to current debates by offering studies if individual authors from various Greek, Jewish, and Christian backgrounds, who positioned themselves on the way" (16). The blurb states: "How did new possibilities of travelling in the Roman Empire change the way pagan, Jewish and Christian authors fashioned themselves? The present volume investigates this phenomenon of cultural, religious and philosophical negotiation by interdisciplinary studies of Second Sophists, early Christians and rabbis". The papers are clustered in the following sections: "Real and Imagined Geography", "Reconstructing Encounters in Distant Places", "Between the Bodily and the Holy", "Jesus's Travels from Different Perspectives", "Destination Rome". The section "Real and Imagined Geography" includes five papers. Ewen Bowie's "The View from Aphrodisias and Hadrianoutherae" is concerned with two cities in Asia Minor, relatively isolated in the backwater, and epigraphic and archaeological sources are examined.

Paul's Journeys in 3D: The Apostle as Ideal Ancient Traveller

Journal of Early Christian History, 2018

Travel in Asia Minor during the Roman period was ubiquitous. The apostle Paul is used as a heuristic model of the ideal ancient traveller. His first journey in provincial Galatia—geographical Pamphylia, Pisidia, and Phrygia—is examined, particularly as it relates to suggested routes and time of travel. It will utilise Bekker-Nielsen’s pioneering 3D methodology that applies Naismith’s rule to produce more objective outcomes. Practical issues related to ancient travel, such as equipment, load, and weather, will also be explored. This investigation will help to refine travel times and itineraries, and thus hopefully produce more accurate Pauline chronologies.

Biblical cartography and the (mis)representation of Paul’s missionary travels

HTS: Hervordene Theological Studies, 2019

Biblical cartography has elaborated a master narrative of Paul’s missionary activity. This master narrative, which clearly distinguishes between three different journeys, is omnipresent and can easily be found in Bibles and atlases. Nevertheless, Paul’s letters and the book of Acts do not support such a clear distinction. The present study contends that the distinction between three missionary journeys is a modern construct and that this way of representing Paul’s missionary activity has a significant impact on how we understand it. By representing Paul’s missionary activity as an orderly sequence of three travels, the maps not only minimise the novelty of his independent mission but also minimise Paul’s confrontation with the Jerusalem church. In this representation, he is no longer the marginal leader of a minority movement within the nascent church, but ‘the’ missionary. The portrayal of the missionary activity of Paul in biblical maps is an example of the uncritical transfer of exegetical traditions, and of the role of these traditions in the creation of a master narrative of Christian origins.

The Journeys of Apostle Paul as a Medium for Religious Expansion

Skyllis Zeitschrift für maritime und limnische Archäologie und Kulturgeschichte, 2022

This paper is about the role and function of ports and international seafaring as a medium for cultural transfer. This topic will be exemplified by the missionary journeys of the Apostle Paul from 47–56 AD. As a bilingual diaspora Jew in ancient Palestine in the 1st century AD, he was in the area of tension between the traditional Jewish structures and the pagan Greek-Roman world with its international socio-cultural intermingling. As the Apostle of the Gentiles, he travelled several times from Jerusalem to the Levant coast via Cyprus and Asia Minor to Greece and Italy. Since language, thinking, and culture are interlinked with each other, it was crucial not only to be fluent in the lingua franca of the Greek-Roman world, but also to understand and be proficient in the socio-cultural language of his audience. For the success of his journeys, it was vital to visit international cities, which were connected to the global economic trade network and had enough urban resources and infrastructure to serve and operate the needs of a global intermingling clientele. By assessing archaeological, epigraphical, and historical sources, the cities of Ephesus, Corinth, Thessaloniki and Antiocheia on the Orontes will be investigated in order to reconstruct the global role and function of ports and seafaring as a medium for cultural transfer.

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(S.E.) Alcock, (J.) Bodel, (R.J.A.) Talbert (edd.) Highways, Byways, and Road Systems in the Pre-modern World. (The Ancient World: Comparative Histories 5.) Pp. xx + 289, ills, maps. Malden, MA and Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell, 2012. Cased, £85, €102.20, US$134.95. ISBN: 978-0-470-67425-3

The Classical Review, 2014