Ultrasonic studies on polystyrene/styrene butadiene rubber polymer blends filled with glass fiber and talc (original) (raw)
Related papers
Compatibility studies on some rubber blend systems by ultrasonic techniques
Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2002
Longitudinal ultrasonic velocity, and ultrasonic attenuation, were measured in Adiprene CM-NBR, Adiprene CM-NR, Adiprene E-NR, Adiprene E-NBR blend systems at room temperature, using pulse echo technique. The densities of the blend samples were measured by the immersion method. Glass transition temperatures were measured experimentally using ultrasonic and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Glass transition temperatures were also calculated theoretically. Results showed that the variation of both longitudinal ultrasonic velocity and density with composition is linear with Adiprene CM-NBR, Adiprene CM-NR, and Adiprene E-NBR blends indicating compatible systems. For Adiprene E-NR, the plots of ultrasonic velocity and density vs. composition deviate from linearity according to the incompatibility degree of this system. Results obtained from ultrasonic attenuation measurements showed that the excess variation of ultrasonic attenuation with composition in rubber blend samples is of relaxational type and only one maxima or minima appeared in case of compatible blends and two or more maxima or minima appeared in case of incompatible blends. The presence of a single transition temperatures observed in DSC thermograms and ultrasonic attenuation-temperature relation is a decisive confirmation of the formation of one single phase and therefore the compatibility behaviour of this blend. On the other hand, the presence of two transition temperatures is taken as evidence of phase separation and consequently the formation of two phases with incompatible behaviour of the blend system.
Polymer, 2001
The dependence of ultrasonic attenuation coef®cient on temperature is measured for styrene±butadiene rubber (SBR), acryloni-trile±butadiene rubber (NBR) and their blends (SBR=NBR 25=75; 50/50, 75/25 by wt) in the temperature range from 240 to 342 K at ultrasonic frequency of 5 MHz. The obtained ultrasonic relaxation peaks due to glass±rubber transition were used to investigate the degree of compatibility (DC) in the blends as well as its variation with temperature. The addition of 10 phr of unsaturated polyester resin (based on p-carbethoxy phthalanilic acid and maleic anhydride with ethylene glycol) to the blend showed improvement of DC in certain temperature ranges and deterioration of DC in other temperature ranges.
Ultrasonic properties and morphology of devulcanized rubber blends
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2012
The ultrasonic properties of two devulcanized rubber (DR) blends with a styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) copolymer compound (ACE) are investigated using a transmission method. The DR materials are obtained from commercial rubber crumbs (RC) by a proprietary devulcanization technique. Measurements on the acoustic attenuation and travel velocity are conducted on the samples with different sample thicknesses in the pulsed mode. Attenuation coefficients of the materials are obtained by changing the frequency of the ultrasound in the tuned tone-burst mode. The two DR/ACE blends show marked differences in the attenuation and attenuation coefficient, although the ultrasonic velocities are similar. These differences arise from the variation of the remaining degree of crosslinking in the DR materials. The acoustic velocities in the three materials are similar. The morphologies of the DR/ACE blend samples, observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with different staining agents, explain their similarities and differences. There are two crops of rubber particles: larger ones belong to the original rubber crumbs that survived devulcanization; the smaller ones are fragments of partially DR. These crosslinked particles contribute to the overall degree of crosslinking in the blends. The devulcanized fractions of the DR materials are dispersed in the ACE matrix. Scattering at the interface accounts for the differences in the acoustic attenuation of the samples.
Ultrasonic properties of polystyrene-based composites
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2012
In this study, first the pure polystyrenes (PS) with different molecular weights (350 Â 10 3 and 500 Â 10 3) have been modified by the chemical modification with succinic anhydride (SA), maleic anhydride (MA), and phthalic anhydride (PhA) and then the polystyrene based composites (CPS) prepared by addition of modified polystyrenes (MPS) into pure PS (with the molecular weight of 230 Â 10 3) in weight % ratios of 90 : 10, 80 : 20, and 70 : 30. Ultrasonic measurements were performed on PS/MPS blends of different weight percent of MPSs by use of pulse echo method with 5-MHz frequency at room temperature. Elastic properties namely; longitudinal modulus (L), Young's modulus (E), bulk modulus (K) and shear modulus (G), Poisson's ratio (l), and acoustic impedance (Z) were calculated from the ultrasonic velocities values measured and densities values obtained experimentally. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used for determining the microstructure of composites. The variations of these parameters with increasing MPSs weight percentage content in PS/MPS from 10 to 30 have been discussed. V C 2012
Ultrasonic and viscometery compatibility studies of nitrile-butyl rubber blends
2013
The compatibility has been considered to be a fundamental property in polymer blends deciding their practical utility. Determination of the ultrasonic velocity and absolute viscosity of solution blends of bromo butyl rubber (BIIR) and acrylonitrile-co-butadiene rubber (NBR) blends with the help of ultrasonic interferometer and viscometer in various blend ratios with and without the presence of chlorinated polyethylene (CM) as compatibilizer have been the main objective of the present study. It has been demonstrated that ultrasonic velocity depicts a non-linear behaviour with variation in blend ratio without the compatabilizer. The addition of compatibilizer results in appreciable enhancement of the ultrasonic velocity and it varies linearly with blend composition. Absolute viscosity versus blends ratio plot follows the same trend as has been observed in ultrasonic velocity versus blend ratio plot. These studies reveal that CM acts as an efficient compatibilizer for this blend system...
Analysis of the morphology of polymer blends using ultrasound
Over recent years there has been great efforts towards the understanding of the rheology of immiscible polymer blends. It is now well accepted that their morphology, especially the concentration of the inclusions, their size, and their radii distribution, is a very important factor which controls their mechanical properties. The type of blend considered in this study is a polyamide/polypropylene system, in which the matrix is the polyamide (PA6) with inclusions of polypropylene (PP). Different concentrations have been used, as well as different surfactants. These blends give then rise to different acoustic properties, which have been characterized by measuring velocities of propagation and attenuation of ultrasonic waves during flow through a capillary rheometer. A wave propagation theory for viscoelastic emulsions was used to predict the values of the ultrasonic parameters as functions of the concentration, the radii distribution and the frequency when the thermophysical properties of the blend are known. We can therefore deduce the concentration and average size of inclusions, and then return to the morphology of the blends. Comparison with microscopic photographs seems to correlate well with our predictions. This method appears promising and could be used to differentiate between different blends during flow.
Effect of unsaturated polyester resin on the mechanical and ultrasonic properties of SBR and NBR
Polymer, 2000
An unsaturated polyester resin is prepared by the ester interchange between p-carbethoxy phthalanilic acid and maleic anhydride with ethylene glycol in the ratio of (1:1:2.1 mol). The structure of this polyester was established by studying its IR and NMR spectra and the acid number was determined. The effect of 5 phr polyester on the mechanical and physical properties of two types of rubber namely styrenebutadiene rubber (SBR) and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) was studied. The ultrasonic velocity and attenuation have been investigated for both types of rubber with and without the polyester resin at 2 and 5 MHz in the temperature range between 180 and 346 K. For each type of rubber two relaxation peaks are observed in these temperature and frequency ranges, a main peak and a secondary one. The addition of the polyester resin is found to affect the position and height of the main peak in SBR but not in NBR. It was found that the apparent activation energy of the main relaxation process is temperature dependent and increases with the addition of the polyester resin in both types of rubber.
Ultrasonic, refractometric, and viscosity studies of some polymer blends in solution
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1998
Miscibility studies of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)-polystyrene and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)-poly(methyl methacrylate) in mixed common solvent (dimethyl formamide ϩ cyclohexanone) have been carried out in different percentages of the blend components. The ultrasonic velocity, viscosity, density, and refractive index have been measured at 30°C. The interaction parameters have been obtained using the viscosity data to probe the miscibility. The obtained results have been confirmed by the ultrasonic velocity, density, and refractive index.
Materials Science and Engineering
This work follows up that reported in a previous paper in which the impact fracture behaviour of polyvinylchloride (PVC)-(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) terpolymers) blends was examined in relation to composition. The study of property-composition and property-structure relationships in these materials is extended here to other properties of both technological and fundamental interest, namely density, elastic modulus, glass transition temperatures and heat deflection temperature. In this investigation, PVC-ABS blends are regarded as a three.polymer system PVC-butadiene rubber (BR)-(styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer), the blend composition to be investigated was systematically varied accordingly. From the property-composition data obtained, structural indications of fundamental interest are also drawn: PVC and SAN appear to make distinct glassy phases both in the absence and in the presence of .SAN-grafted BR particles.