BASIC TYPOLOGY OF THE PUBLIC BUILDINGS PRESENTED ON THE EXAMPLES BUILT IN BELGRADE IN PERIOD BETWEEN 1830 -1900 (original) (raw)
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THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF BELGRADE IN THE PERIOD FROM 1815 TO 1910 3
Belgrade has been devastated and redeveloped for countless times. Various cultures, nations and conquerors left different urban matrices and physical structure. The groundwork for conceptualization and research of the urban matrix as an essential element of Belgrade's urban morphology are graphic presentations-the old maps and plans 4. Appreciating strategic significance Belgrade had up till 19 th century, they were mainly elaborating Belgrade Fortress area, while civil settlement – the Borough inside the Trench, a small typically oriental town (Kurtović Folić, 2000, pp. 15-21) was presented in general sketches. This paper deals with breakthrough conceptions about planned construction of Belgrade inside and outside of the fortress moat from the beginning of the 19 th till the beginning of the 20 th century. The ruling period of Prince Miloš Obrenović was especially emphasized, when planned construction of the new, geometrically regulated Belgrade settlement in Western Vračar (outside the Trench) started and was supposed to be connected with the city center of the Serbian Belgrade (inside the Trench) around the current Sabor
Boroughs in southwestern Serbia were created during the 19 th century. Development began after 1830, primarily through the construction of planned settlements (Požega, 1832; Rogačica, 1839; Bajina Bašta,1858). Thereafter, the reconstruction of old settlements (Užice,1863) or settlements previously founded according to plans that were not respected began (Ivanjica, 1848). In the third phase, it was accessed by the regulation of the boroughs were formed on the routes of important roads (Kosjerić, 1892) or in addition to important church centres (Arilje, 1880). As one of the important elements of the settlement stands out the urban block. The paper research: the relationship between the block and the street/street front, block and plot, and block and neighbourhood units. The geometry of the block in the planned townships was the result of a definition of the street network. Through the plans, the street network was first defined and the space between the streets was reserved for the block. The block was not the goal of the planning process but the traffic network. In the spontaneously formed towns, the main street was formed along the route of the roads. In Užice, through two plans (1863,1891) has been finished corrections of the geometry of the blocks, retaining the existing routes of the streets. The plotting within the block depends on the time and the way the borough was formed. In the plan of Požega (1832), only the network of streets and squares is defined (no parcels are planned within the block). The mistakes were partially corrected in the plan of Rogačica (1839), where the plots did not have the necessary site-related characteristics (centre zone of the settlement was not different from the periphery). The final improvement was made on the plan of Bajina Bašta (1858), where the plan envisages the parcel division into the block. The size of the blocks in Bajina Bašta was 75*100 or 75*150, in Arilje around 140*150, Kosjerić from 60*120 to 60*180 meters. The character and features of the boroughs urban block is necessary to understand as a result of the process of settlement development and the way of life of the local community. In this sense, a better knowledge of the way of forming certain elements of the block will lead to better and more efficient contemporary urban planning.
Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung / Journal of East Central European Studies , 2018
Within the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Zagreb was always a receptive area – a city that imported, mainly with a certain delay, technological innovations, new concepts of urban planning, novel approaches to the construction of municipal utility infrastructure, and architectural designs from bigger and more progressive cities, most of all Vienna, despite the fact that the 1867 Compromise placed Croatia under direct Hungarian administration within the Monarchy. This paper aims to show that this occurred primarily because the majority of Croatian architects and members of the national political and economic elites had studied in Vienna, and partly due to the opposition towards Budapest that had been caused by a perception of Croatia’s unsatisfactory economic and political position within the eastern part of the monarchy. Furthermore, the knowledge transfer from Budapest to Zagreb was hampered by the fact that few people spoke Hungarian or were ethnically Hungarians, that Budapest’s architectural developments were largely unfamiliar in Zagreb and that Hungarian architects and engineers did not enjoy the equal amount of prestige as Viennese ones. Influences from Budapest grew stronger only after 1883 and the rise to power of Viceroy Károly Dragutin Khuen-Héderváry, an adherent of Hungarian politics. The Croatian government tried to strengthen the ties between Zagreb and Budapest and during the same period, Hungarian institutions (Royal Hungarian State Railways, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Posts) launched several major architectural building projects in Zagreb. Buildings of these institutions reshaped the image of Zagreb in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Hungarian institutions built some of the biggest Zagreb public building in the given period, which significantly contributed to the diversity and monumentality of Zagreb’s architecture.
Bye bye 20th century, a paper for the Architecture and Ideology conference Belgrade, september 2012
| From a two decades time distance the face of almost every former Yugoslav city appears to reveal three distinctive urban entities: they show three different faces: the »brave new city« of the socialist era; the »charming, always regenerating old, classical city« and the brutal, illegal, »under the carpet« city. All of them are results of the city management streams and the power relationships in the carefully constructed appearance of the »socialist urban planning«. The city structure comparison of five ex Yugoslav cities -Belgrade, Sarajevo, Split, Priština and Maribor -shows similarities that are almost intentional. The urban planning attitude throughout the history reveals three powerful ways of thinking and acting that generated three city planning principles and resulted in built zones and structures: the developments of the functional city parts, the preservation of historical structures and the permissive, half illegal city extensions. After comparing these five cities today it only seems that the permissive, half illegal current is prevailing in the last twenty years of city development. Since the main urban development themes are not actual anymore, the former positions of the urban planners and architects are outdated; with the dissolution of the brave 20th century ideas the first decade of our century shows that the urban perception is altered -the positions of urban planning on the other side are mainly defended as unchangeable. To develop the ex Yugoslav cities with similar urban history there are two statements an urban planner of the 21st century has to take into consideration. The first is that the 20th century is over and its city development principles are outdated. The second painful statement is that the position of the urban planner and designer has been irreversibly changed.
Typological approaches of the modern cities (heritage of the k. und k. period)
Different stages of urban development, as well as analysis and de nition of its typological structure could be signi cant in case of practical urban regeneration. The effectiveness of design and rehabilitation depends on the structural, morphological information of the urban fabric. The urban fabric of the modern city in the former 'Great Hungary' was formed between 1867 and 1918. Before 1867 the development of the two basic archetypes of the Hungarian urban typology, steppetown in the Great Hungarian Plain and cities with European character, were differently in uenced by the economic changes and distinct functions within the settlements and by the landscape features. In the period of the k. und k. since the development of the cities were specific, a new typology is recommended. Amongst the steppe-towns, highland towns and other cities, taking into account the similar topography and hydrography, can be discovered characteristics that have generated the development-line and structure in terms of existing differences. These factors, as well as the study of visual documents make it possible to follow changes of the spatial forms in the city in terms of its structure and functions. The study aims to examine the underlying system of the towns in order to present and de ne by a typology the structural changes with regard to the street lines and system of squares.
The urban block in Western Serbia boroughs in the 19th century
Zbornik radova - Geografski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, 2019
Boroughs in southwestern Serbia were created during the 19 th century. Development began after 1830, primarily through the construction of planned settlements (Požega, 1832; Rogačica, 1839; Bajina Bašta,1858). Thereafter, the reconstruction of old settlements (Užice,1863) or settlements previously founded according to plans that were not respected began (Ivanjica, 1848). In the third phase, it was accessed by the regulation of the boroughs were formed on the routes of important roads (Kosjerić, 1892) or in addition to important church centres (Arilje, 1880). As one of the important elements of the settlement stands out the urban block. The paper research: the relationship between the block and the street/street front, block and plot, and block and neighbourhood units. The geometry of the block in the planned townships was the result of a definition of the street network. Through the plans, the street network was first defined and the space between the streets was reserved for the block. The block was not the goal of the planning process but the traffic network. In the spontaneously formed towns, the main street was formed along the route of the roads. In Užice, through two plans (1863,1891) has been finished corrections of the geometry of the blocks, retaining the existing routes of the streets. The plotting within the block depends on the time and the way the borough was formed. In the plan of Požega (1832), only the network of streets and squares is defined (no parcels are planned within the block). The mistakes were partially corrected in the plan of Rogačica (1839), where the plots did not have the necessary site-related characteristics (centre zone of the settlement was not different from the periphery). The final improvement was made on the plan of Bajina Bašta (1858),