Racial/ethnic differences in the risk of AIDS in the United States (original) (raw)
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Comparison of HIV/AIDS rates between U.S.-born Blacks and African-born Blacks in Utah, 2000 - 2009
The open AIDS journal, 2012
The Utah Department of Health currently groups African-born blacks with U.S.-born blacks when reporting HIV/AIDS surveillance data. Studies suggest that categorizing HIV/AIDS cases in this manner may mask important epidemiological trends, and the distinct differences between these two populations warrant disaggregating data prior to reporting. The purpose of this study was to characterize the HIV/AIDS positive populations in U.S. and African-born blacks in Utah and evaluate the need for disaggregating the two groups. A total of 1,111 cases were identified through the statewide electronic HIV/AIDS Reporting System from 2000 - 2009. Data were analyzed for prevalence of HIV diagnosis for African-born blacks, U.S.-born blacks, and U.S.-born whites. Secondary analysis included HIV diagnosis by age, sex, African region of nativity, transmission risk factors, and differences in late diagnosis of HIV infection. U.S.-born whites accounted for 914 (82.3%) cases, and had the lowest annual prev...
Demographic Characteristics of HIV: III. Why Does HIV Discriminate by Race?
2006
Racial ancestry influences the frequency of positive HIV-tests, F(HIV), as an independent variable. In every occupational, social, or other group tested in the United States, at all ages and for both sexes, F(HIV) increases in the order Asian fi white fi Native American fi Hispanic fi black. Data from South Africa display a similar sequence, white/Asian-Indian fi Colored fi black. This constant relation among the racial categories calls for an explanation in terms of genetic polymorphisms of the kind used in tracing human migration patterns. That Native Americans are closer to whites than to blacks also points to a physical cause and not a socioeconomic or behavioral one. The relative circumstances of black and white Americans as to AIDS, by contrast to HIV ''infection'', serve as a further demonstration that HIV does not cause AIDS: Between 1981 and 2000, the ratio of black Americans to white Americans reported with AIDS trebled, while the ratio of positive HIV-test...
HIV/AIDS Among African-Born Residents in the United States
Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 2013
The number of African-born residents living in the United States (US) increased by more than 750 % between 1980 and 2009. HIV diagnosis rates in this population are six times higher than estimated incidence in the general US population. African-immigrants with HIV are also diagnosed at later stages of infection than US-born residents, but they paradoxically have lower mortality after diagnosis. There are higher rates of HIV among women, higher rates of heterosexual transmission, and lower rates of injection-drug-use-associated transmission among African-born residents in the US relative to the general US population. Despite this distinct epidemiologic profile, surveillance reports often group African-born residents with US-born Blacks. The high rates of HIV among African-born residents in the US combined with increasing immigration and incomplete surveillance data highlight the need for more accurate epidemiologic data along with appropriate HIV service programs.
Journal of immigrant and minority health, 2018
Despite improvements in its treatment, HIV infection continues to affect Blacks disproportionally. Using National HIV Surveillance System data from 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, we examined demographic and epidemiologic differences between U.S.-born and non-U.S.-born Black adults. Of 110,452 Black adults reported with diagnosed HIV during 2008-2014 with complete country of birth information, 11.1% were non-U.S.-born. Non-U.S.-born were more likely to be older, female, have HIV infection attributed to heterosexual contact, have been diagnosed late, and live in the northeastern U.S. region. During 2014, the HIV diagnosis rate among African-born Black females was 1.4 times the rate of U.S.-born Black males, 2 times the rate of African-born Black males, and 5.3 times the rate of U.S.-born Black females. We elucidate the differences between U.S.-born and non-U.S.-born Blacks on which to base culturally appropriate HIV-prevention programs and policies.
Birthplace and the risk of AIDS among Hispanics in the United States
American Journal of Public Health, 1989
To extend previous work showing that the risk of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is higher in US Hispanics than in Whites who are not Hispanic, we compared US residents born in different Latin American countries. We computed the cumulative incidence (CI) of AIDS and the distribution of cases by mode of exposure. Cases were those reported to the Centers for Disease Control between June 1, 1981 and December 12, 1988, and populations specific for birthplace were from the 1980 census. The reference group was the White population that was not Hispanic, CI 25.7/100,000. We estimated a similar rate in Mexican-born persons
We compared demographic variables of individuals in Miami-Dade County, Florida, USA, with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) during two time periods (1993-1995 and 2009-2011). Incidence and mortality-related data were explored in this observational study. Tests of significance were performed to identify differences or associations between selected groups. A correlation analysis was conducted to identify relationships between AIDS diagnosis and socioeconomic indicators. We observed a reduction in the number of new AIDS cases reported and AIDS-related mortality. Nonetheless, AIDS is still disproportionately affecting the black non-Hispanic population. Black non-Hispanic women remain particularly vulnerable to the disease. A positive correlation between AIDS diagnosis and poverty rate and the lack of health insurance, and a negative correlation between AIDS diagnosis and education level were identified. Though the actual number of AIDS cases is declining in this region, it continues to disproportionately affect the poorer, less well
Annals of Epidemiology, 2015
Purpose-To describe factors associated with racial disparities in HIV incidence among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States. Methods-In a longitudinal cohort of black and white HIV-negative MSM in Atlanta, HIV incidence rates were compared by race. Incidence hazard ratios (HR) between black and white MSM were estimated with an age-scaled Cox proportional hazards model. A change-in-estimate approach was used to understand mediating time-independent and-dependent factors that accounted for the elevated HR. Results-Thirty-two incident HIV infections occurred among 260 black and 302 white MSM during 823 person-years (PY) of followup. HIV incidence was higher among black MSM (6.5/100PY; 95% CI: 4.2, 9.7) than white MSM (1.7/100PY; CI: 0.7, 3.3), and highest among young (18-24 years) black MSM (10.9/100PY; CI: 6.2, 17.6). The unadjusted hazard of HIV infection for black MSM was 2.9 (CI: 1.3-6.4) times that of white MSM; adjustment for health insurance status and partner race explained effectively all of the racial disparity. Conclusions-Relative to white MSM in Atlanta, black MSM, particularly young black MSM, experienced higher HIV incidence that was not attributable to individual risk behaviors. In a
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 2016
The goals of the United States' National HIV/ AIDS Strategy are reducing HIV infections, increasing linkage to care, and reducing health disparities. To accomplish these, it is imperative to have accurate data about HIV prevalence, especially in high-burden populations, including immigrants, ethnic/ racial minorities and other minority populations. However, recent increases in HIV prevalence among Black migrants from sub-Saharan Africa has drawn attention to the need to examine the epidemiological diversity of the Black population, and accurately account for HIV prevalence within it. In most HIV surveillance data, a single category, Black/ African American, is used to combine data for U.S.-born and foreign-born Blacks, including migrants from sub-Saharan Africa. Such categorizations result in underestimation of HIV prevalence in the African immigrant population, making it difficult to allocate resources appropriately for HIV prevention and treatment. This paper highlights and provides recommendations regarding the importance of disaggregating HIV surveillance data on Blacks by country of birth.