Pregnancy and Infection (original) (raw)

Tuberculosis in pregnancy: an estimate of the global burden of disease

The Lancet. Global health, 2014

The estimated number of maternal deaths in 2013 worldwide was 289 000, a 45% reduction from 1990. Non-obstetric causes such as infectious diseases including tuberculosis now account for 28% of maternal deaths. In 2013, 3·3 million cases of tuberculosis were estimated to occur in women globally. During pregnancy, tuberculosis is associated with poor outcomes, including increased mortality in both the neonate and the pregnant woman. The aim of our study was to estimate the burden of tuberculosis disease among pregnant women, and to describe how maternal care services could be used as a platform to improve case detection. We used publicly accessible country-level estimates of the total population, distribution of the total population by age and sex, crude birth rate, estimated prevalence of active tuberculosis, and case notification data by age and sex to estimate the number of pregnant women with active tuberculosis for 217 countries. We then used indicators of health system access an...

Tuberculosis in Pregnancy: Delayed Diagnosis, Lost Lives

Pulmonary Research and Respiratory Medicine - Open Journal, 2017

Tuberculosis still remains an important global health disease, killing many people annually. Yet it is a preventable cause of death. Maternal mortality rates due to tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa make up a significant proportion of maternal deaths. It remains a disease of poverty, overcrowding and underdevelopment. Pregnancy increases maternal and fatal mortality in AIDS-infected women. In pregnancy it can be a challenging diagnosis to make, delaying treatment that could lead to adverse outcomes. Clinicians working in high prevalence areas of tuberculosis and those looking after immunocompromised patients should maintain a high index of suspicion. Developing countries must be helped to develop by the world financial institutions with debt reduction. The Sustainable Development Goal aims to end tuberculosis related deaths, transmission and catastrophic costs by 2030. Tuberculosis is a preventable death, the world must act together to prevent unnecessary deaths.

Pregnancy in patients with tuberculosis: a TBNET cross-sectional survey

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2016

Background: Objectives: To determine whether the incidence of tuberculosis with pregnancy is more common than would be expected from the crude birth rate; to see whether there is significant delay in the diagnosis of tuberculosis during pregnancy. Method: Design: A cross-sectional survey. Setting: 13 tuberculosis clinics within different European countries and the USA. Population/sample: All patients with tuberculosis seen at these clinics for a period > 1 year. Instrument: Questionnaire survey based on continuous data collection. Main outcome measures: number and proportion of women with tuberculosis who were pregnant; timing of diagnosis in relation to pregnancy, including those who were pregnant or delivered in the 3 months prior to the diagnosis of TB and those who developed TB within 3 months after delivery. Results: Pregnancy occurred in 224 (1.5 %) of 15,217 TB patients and followed the expected rate predicted from the crude birth rate for the clinic populations. TB was diagnosed more commonly in the 3 months after delivery (n = 103) than during pregnancy (n = 68; χ 2 = 25.1, P < 0.001). Conclusions: TB is diagnosed more frequently after delivery, despite variations in local TB incidence and healthcare systems.

Tuberculosis Infection in Pregnant People: Current Practices and Research Priorities

Pathogens

Women are significantly more likely to develop tuberculosis (TB) disease within the first 90 days after pregnancy than any other time in their lives. Whether pregnancy increases risk of progression from TB infection (TBI) to TB disease is unknown and is an active area of investigation. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology of TB and TBI in pregnancy, TBI diagnostics, and prevalence in pregnancy. We also review TBI treatment and highlight research priorities, such as short-course TB prevention regimens, drug-resistant TB prevention, and additional considerations for safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics that are unique to pregnant and postpartum people.

Risk of Tuberculosis in Pregnancy

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2012

At a glance commentary Scientific Knowledge on the Subject • TB disease during pregnancy has adverse effects on mother and child. • Risks of TB far outweigh the risk of TB treatment during pregnancy • Current evidence of TB incidence in pregnancy is inconclusive, but local studies indicated a potentially high TB incidence during pregnancy. What this study adds to the Field • The study found a significantly increased incidence of TB diagnosis in mothers postpartum which probably reflects an increase in TB incidence during pregnancy. • The self-controlled case series found an increased TB risk post-partum, adjusting for individual confounders.

Tuberculosis in pregnancy: The challenges for South Asian countries

Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 2012

Aim: Despite tuberculosis (TB) being a global problem, maternal TB remains an unrecognized and underestimated tragedy, especially in South Asian countries. Therefore, we performed a non-systematic review regarding implications of maternal TB on obstetric and perinatal outcomes in the South Asian context. Material and Methods: We reviewed original studies, both descriptive and analytical, that originated from South Asian countries following an electronic search supplemented by a manual search. Although relevant studies from developed countries were reviewed, they were not included in the tabulation process because those studies had different socioeconomic/epidemiological background. Results: Diagnosis of TB is often delayed during pregnancy, because of its non-specific symptoms, and overlapping presentation with other infectious diseases. Poverty, undernutrition, lack of social support and poor health infrastructure along with complications of TB and need for prolonged medications lead to increased maternal morbidity and mortality. Maternal TB in general (except lymphadenitis), is associated with an increased risk of small-for-gestational age, preterm and low-birthweight neonates, and high perinatal mortality. These adverse perinatal outcomes are even more pronounced in women with advanced disease, late diagnosis, and incomplete or irregular drug treatment. There could be a synergy of TB, socioeconomic and nutritional factors, which might have contributed to adverse perinatal effects, especially in low-income countries. Conclusions: As active TB poses grave maternal and perinatal risks, early, appropriate and adequate anti-TB treatment is a mainstay for successful pregnancy outcome. The current knowledge gaps in perinatal implications of maternal TB can be addressed by a multicenter comparative cohort study.

Latent Tuberculosis in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review

PLOS ONE, 2016

Background In countries with low tuberculosis (TB) incidence, immigrants from higher incidence countries represent the major pool of individuals with latent TB infection (LTBI). The antenatal period represents an opportunity for immigrant women to access the medical system, and hence for potential screening and treatment of LTBI. However, such screening and treatment during pregnancy remains controversial. Objectives In order to further understand the prevalence, natural history, screening and management of LTBI in pregnancy, we conducted a systematic literature review addressing the screening and treatment of LTBI, in pregnant women without known HIV infection. Methods A systematic review of 4 databases (Embase, Embase Classic, Medline, Cochrane Library) covering articles published from January 1 st 1980 to April 30 th 2014. Articles in English, French or Spanish with relevant information on prevalence, natural history, screening tools, screening strategies and treatment of LTBI during pregnancy were eligible for inclusion. Articles were excluded if (1) Full text was not available (2) they were case series or case studies (3) they focused exclusively on prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of active TB (4) the study population was exclusively HIV-infected. Results Of 4,193 titles initially identified, 208 abstracts were eligible for review. Of these, 30 articles qualified for full text review and 22 were retained: 3 cohort studies, 2 case-control studies, and 17 cross-sectional studies. In the USA, the estimated prevalence of LTBI ranged from 14 to 48% in women tested, and tuberculin skin test (TST) positivity was associated with ethnicity. One study suggested that incidence of active TB was significantly increased during the 180 days postpartum (Incidence rate ratio, 1.95 (95% CI 1.24-3.07). There was a high level of adherence with both skin testing (between 90-100%) and chest radiography PLOS ONE |