Application of Stereo-Imaging Technology to Medical Field (original) (raw)

Stereoscopic Vision Testing Techniques – Overview

Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 2020

Binocular vision we call the combined use of the two eyes to create a single and unique brain impression [1-3]. Essentially, it is the set of brain processes that result in the integration of the two retinal images and therefore in their perception as one.When we see binocular, then, an object in front of us is formed by an image in the central well of each retina, resulting in the formation of an image in each eye. These two images are transmitted via the visual pathways to the cerebral venous lobe, are sensory integrated and perceived as one.Binocular vision, developed and practiced during the first years of life, gives us an important advantage, the ability to see and observe space in three dimensions, that is, it gives us a sense of depth. This ability is called "stereoscopic vision". Other benefits of binocular vision are the widening of the field of vision, as well as an increase in visual acuity, which is slightly better than single-eyed. Binocular Vision Grades Claude Worth has classified binocular vision into three grades: [1-5] a) First-degree binocular vision is the "simultaneous perception" of the two retinal images, but not necessarily their integration into one. b) Second-degree binocular vision is the ability to integrate two similar retinal images, that is, their sensory "identification". c) Third degree binocular vision is stereoscopic vision or stereopsis Stereo Vision Stereoscopic vision is called the ability to classify objects we see in the 3D world. Essentially is the ability to estimate depth [1,4-7]. An object, located in the middle line in front of the eyes, forms slightly dissimilar images on each retina, on each eye. This is due to the transverse distance, so each eye sees the object from a different location. If the object is within the bounds of Panum's space, that is, the area that extends forward and behind the chopper and within which a single binocular vision is possible, then the images, although dissimilar, may be subjected to sensory identification. This matching of the two dissimilar images leads to the perception of the third dimension, stereoscopic vision and therefore depth [1]. An object looks flat because it is projected to the corresponding retinal areas causing zero horizontal inequality. The non-zero difference creates the stereoscopic depth and is divided into split and nonlinear [4]. The split is created by the objects in front of the horopter, that is, by the nearby objects. This is called as, the oneeyed image of the object observed with the right eye is moved to

Using stereoscopic imaging for visualization applications

Visual Data Exploration and Analysis, 1994

This report was preparedas an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, _roduct. or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe private, ly owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process,or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herei_ do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. By acceptance of this article, the pub,,sherrecognizesthat the U.S. Govemmentretainsa nonexclusiveroyalty-freelicenseto publishor reproduce the publishedform ofthis contributionor to allow othersto do so, for U.S. Govemmentpurposes. TheLosAlamos National Laboratory requests thatthepublisher identify thisarticle as work pedormed undertheauspices ofthe U.S.Department of Energy.

A Comparison of Two and Three Dimensional Imaging

Three dimensional visual recognition and measurement are important in many machine vision applications. In some cases, a stationary camera base is used and a three-dimensional model will permit the measurement of depth information from a scene. One important special case is stereo vision for human visualization or measurements. In cases in which the camera base is also in motion, a seven dimensional model may be used. Such is the case for navigation of an autonomous mobile robot. The purpose of this paper is to provide a computational view and introduction of three methods to three-dimensional vision. Models are presented for each situation and example computations and images are presented. The significance of this work is that it shows that various methods based on three-dimensional vision may be used for solving two and three dimensional vision problems. We hope this work will be slightly iconoclastic but also inspirational by encouraging further research in optical engineering.

IJERT-Distance Measurement System Using Binocular Stereo Vision Approach

International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), 2013

https://www.ijert.org/distance-measurement-system-using-binocular-stereo-vision-approach https://www.ijert.org/research/distance-measurement-system-using-binocular-stereo-vision-approach-IJERTV2IS121134.pdf Stereoscopy is a technique used for recording and representing stereoscopic (3D) images. It can create an illusion of depth using two pictures taken at two or more slightly different positions. There are two possible way of taking stereoscopic pictures: by using special two-lens stereo cameras or systems with two single-lens cameras joined together. Stereoscopic pictures allow us to calculate the distance from the camera(s) to the chosen object within the picture. The model of stereo camera imaging is established using traditional camera calibration method. The internal and external parameters of cameras are calculated and optimized. Then the suitable algorithm for matching the object from left to right image is developed on MATLAB. After that based on centroid of desired object disparity is estimated and the distance of the object is calculated using the epipolar triangulation method. The accuracy of the position depends on picture resolution, optical distortions and distance between the cameras. The results showed that the calculated distance to the subject is relatively accurate.

Pseudo-Stereo Vision System: A Detailed Study

Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems, 2005

In this paper, a new stereovision system based on mirrors is presented. It is composed of three mirrors, a beam-splitter and a camera. It is called Pseudo-Stereo Vision System (PSVS) and can be used in real time applications. Two parallel virtual cameras are created with the geometric properties and parameters of the real camera. PSVS captures, in one shot, a complex image, created by the superposition of the left and right views of the system. The apparatus has no moving parts, low cost and double resolution compared with other monocular systems based on mirrors. It can be constructed in any dimension covering any type of camera, length of baseline and accuracy of depth measurements. The design and construction details of the system as well as the appearing refraction phenomena to the apparatus are analytically presented. Analytical expressions are derived for the calculation of mirrors dimensions, minimum common view distance and minimum length of baseline. Mirrors alignment method is also described. Equations providing the Cartesian coordinates of a point in space, taking into consideration refraction phenomena to beam-splitter and camera calibration parameters, are proved. Two new methods for the separation of complex images to pairs of left and right images using gray scale or color cameras are explained and the first real experimental results are illustrated. Finally, experimental results, where the PSVS is mounted on the end effector of a PUMA 761 robotic manipulator are presented.