Le bonifiche dell’Ente Riforma e l’organizzazione insediativa delle “terre nuove”.pdf (original) (raw)
Related papers
Hatra. Il territorio e l'urbanistica - Italian text; Introduction and chapter summaries in English
Archeopress, 2018
The ancient city of Hatra is located 80 km southwest of the modern city of Mosul. The site reached its apogee during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, arriving at the striking dimensions of c. 300 hectares and into a new role as the capital of a significant buffer state between the Parthian and Roman empires. This volume is devoted to the study of the landscape surrounding Hatra and of the development of this important city, drawing on published information gathered by Iraqi and foreign expeditions, as well as unpublished data garnered from over fifteen years of fieldwork at the site by the Italian Archaeological Expedition. The study of the landscape comprehends the morphology, hydrology and geology of the region and offers new proposals regarding the exploitation of natural resources and the development of regional and local routes through the territory under Hatra’s political and military control during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. The analysis of Hatra as an urban centre consists of a detailed study of the city’s hydrology, street network and urban areas, with the purpose of detecting the principles behind the planning and development of the city. The main elements of the urban space are treated in this book: the Temenos area and the Small Shrines, the Necropoles, the Fortifications, the Houses, and the Palaces. Due to the cross-referencing of archaeological, historical and epigraphic data, new ideas have been proposed regarding the chronological phases of urbanism at Hatra, from its foundation up to the destruction of the city by the Sasanian army in AD 241. Questo volume è dedicato allo studio del territorio e dell’urbanistica di questo importante sito antico, impiegando contestualmente informazioni edite, raccolte dalle varie missioni irachene e straniere che si sono avvicendate sul terreno, e inedite, provenienti dal vasto Archivio della Missione Archeologica Italiana a Hatra in più di quindici anni di ricerche sul campo. Lo studio del territorio definisce un quadro dettagliato della morfologia, idrologia e geologia della regione e dell’area prossima al centro, oltre a proporre alcune nuove ipotesi interpretative sullo sfruttamento delle risorse ambientali, sull’articolazione della rete viaria periurbana e regionale e sull’estensione del territorio sottoposto al controllo politico e militare della città durante il II e III sec. d.C. L’analisi urbanistica comprende uno studio approfondito dell’idrologia cittadina, della rete stradale e delle aree urbane, allo scopo di individuarne le principali caratteristiche ed eventuali regole nella pianificazione e nello sviluppo della città. Nel libro sono inoltre analizzati i principali elementi che compongono il tessuto urbano: il Temenos e i templi minori, le necropoli, le difese cittadine, le case e i palazzi. Grazie all’utilizzo contestuale del dato archeologico, storico ed epigrafico, è stato inoltre possibile formulare nuove ipotesi sulle fasi urbanistiche e sulla cronologia di Hatra dalla fondazione alla sua distruzione, avvenuta per mano sasanide nel 241 d.C.
La trasformazione storico-topografica delle aree di confine: un esempio dal suburbio ovest di Roma
Multi-, inter- and transdisciplinary research in Landscape Archaeology, 2016
Rome's contemporary city-structure in municipalities incorporated into the modern suburbs those boundary areas that in ancient times spread from the city walls (i.e. the urbanised city) towards the territory, forming a transit zone between city and country. The present paper intends to highlight the significance of these areas, main indicators not only from a historic-archaeological point of view, with respect to the knowledge of the ancient settlement's distribution and evolution within the territory, but especially with regards to the modern landscape's transformation, becoming pivotal areas that urbanists and town planners should take into consideration for conservation and usage. Our study analyses the territory of Rome's Municipio XIII EST. This area shows a landscape that underwent a radical transformation throughout centuries, due to the changed requirements of the different social realities that followed each other from ancient Roman times until today. This casestudy shows clearly how the strong urbanistic expansion that started strongly in the 1960s extended like wild fire from the city centre towards the outside, becoming a rural landscape characterised by small properties and vast rural estates, on a surface with high housing industry. This caused the obliteration of the ancient landscape order, directly absorbed into the city and covered under many cement layers, without even verifying the historical value in previous forms of rural settlement. The widespread use of new technologies and territorial informative systems, like SITAR, Sistema Informativo Territoriale Archeologico di Roma of the Soprintendenza Speciale per il Colosseo, il Museo Nazionale Romano e l'Area Centrale di Roma, allows us to put together in a more rapid and complete way all the information from the various sources (historical cartographies, archives and bibliographic research, archaeological exploration of material data) and enables the knowledge and reconstruction of historical contexts.
This paper presents the research method applied to the Archaeological Map of Italy -Forma Italiae project, comprising to date the Ager Venusinus project (completed) and the Ager Lucerinus project (ongoing). The methodology of the project is based on the extensive and systematic survey of the entire selected district. The countryside is systematically searched by groups of students and researchers in different seasons, time of the day, weather and visibility conditions, and status of cultivation of the ground. The GPS georeferenced data are integrated in a GIS specifically realised. The results of the research projects relating to the territory of the Luceria's colony, in Apulia, starting from the area of the medieval site of Montecorvino, in the Daunian district is presented. So far the part of the vast territory of Lucera studied concerns the area North-East of the ancient Latin colony. Discussed here are studies conducted on the western area, towards the Daunian subappennine and in particular focused on the territory of the municipalities of Lucera, Pietramontecorvino, Motta Montecorvino, and Volturino. This area, in fact, is the object of research that includes the whole of the Fortore River valley. The data emerging from recent surveys show a large population over the time-span from prehistory to the High Middle Ages. The settlements of the Neolithic and Bronze ages, so far identified, are placed on vast plains; on the northern sector of the territory, it is possible to catch a glimpse of traces of a village characterised by the typical C shaped ditch, with huts located inside. A very interesting part of our project regards Dauni and Samnite settlements in the period preceding the arrival of the Romans and the Romanisation of the area. The most notable transformations in the ancient landscape were undoubtedly produced by the Roman intervention that gave birth to the new colony and the planning of the village centre, which consequently led to the reorganisation of a vast territory and the division of the rural area into a dense network of small properties assigned to the settlers.
Carta Archeologica D’italia – Forma Italiae Project: Research Method
Multi-, inter- and transdisciplinary research in Landscape Archaeology, 2016
This paper presents the research method applied to the Archaeological Map of Italy-Forma Italiae project, comprising to date the Ager Venusinus project (completed) and the Ager Lucerinus project (ongoing). The methodology of the project is based on the extensive and systematic survey of the entire selected district. The countryside is systematically searched by groups of students and researchers in different seasons, time of the day, weather and visibility conditions, and status of cultivation of the ground. The GPS georeferenced data are integrated in a GIS specifically realised. The results of the research projects relating to the territory of the Luceria's colony, in Apulia, starting from the area of the medieval site of Montecorvino, in the Daunian district is presented. So far the part of the vast territory of Lucera studied concerns the area NorthEast of the ancient Latin colony. Discussed here are studies conducted on the western area, towards the Daunian subappennine and in particular focused on the territory of the municipalities of Lucera, Pietramontecorvino, Motta Montecorvino, and Volturino. This area, in fact, is the object of research that includes the whole of the Fortore River valley. The data emerging from recent surveys show a large population over the time-span from prehistory to the High Middle Ages. The settlements of the Neolithic and Bronze ages, so far identified, are placed on vast plains; on the northern sector of the territory, it is possible to catch a glimpse of traces of a village characterised by the typical C shaped ditch, with huts located inside. A very interesting part of our project regards Dauni and Samnite settlements in the period preceding the arrival of the Romans and the Romanisation of the area. The most notable transformations in the ancient landscape were undoubtedly produced by the Roman intervention that gave birth to the new colony and the planning of the village centre, which consequently led to the reorganisation of a vast territory and the division of the rural area into a dense network of small properties assigned to the settlers.
The Ancient World (F. Spatafora) Earth has been widely used as a building material since the earliest prehistoric times, but with archaeological excavation it is not always easy to recognise the ways in which it has been applied, and the definitions proposed by archaeologists often prove to be generalised and imprecise in relation to the technique employed. However, we should proceed by degrees and be fully aware that the available data is by no means complete; therefore it might be useful to obtain a preliminary overview of attestations (in central-western Sicily) that show how the use of this material was most widespread and well-documented through the centuries, and widely employed by the various cultures co-existing in this part of the island of Sicily since ancient times. The use of earth in its various forms is proven in both building of elevati, in the roofing of structures and in the realisation of various types of preparation/apprestamenti, often linked to household or craft work, but also as mortar or binder in stone walls . The intrinsic vulnerability of earth must be borne in mind, since it leads to numerous problems of maintenance and conservation, but its employment in building, apart from its obvious adherence to traditional architectural forms, is fully justified by a series of advantages: it is easy to find, an aspect of fundamental importance in areas where the scarcity of stone might entail complex supplying operations and costly transportation from more distant areas; it must also have been easier to work earth and clay and less expensive, since they can be utilised over and again through the simple addition of water, and (in contrast to stone) do not require skilled manual labour nor specific equipment. Final-L'età antica (F. Spatafora) Le modalità di messa in opera della terra cruda, ampiamente utilizzata come materiale da costruzione fin dalle più remote epoche preistoriche, non sempre sono facilmente riconoscibili attraverso lo scavo archeologico (de Chazelles-Poupet 1985) e spesso, in relazione alle tecniche impiegate, le definizioni proposte dagli archeologi risultano generiche e imprecise: pur tuttavia, volendo procedere per gradi e nella consapevolezza dell'assoluta incompletezza dei dati disponibili, è forse utile proporre una prima rassegna di attestazioni che, localizzate nella Sicilia centro-occidentale, dimostrano come l'uso di questo materiale sia ampiamente diffuso e documentato attraverso i secoli ed ugualmente impiegato dalle diverse componenti culturali che, almeno a partire dall'età arcaica, convissero in questa parte dell'isola. L'utilizzo della terra cruda, nelle sue varie forme, è attestato sia per la costruzione degli elevati, sia per la copertura degli edifici che per la realizzazione di apprestamenti di vario tipo, spesso legati ad attività domestiche o artigianali, ma anche come malta o legante nelle strutture murarie in pietra . A prescindere dall'adesione a forme architettoniche tradizionali, l'uso della terra cruda nell'edilizia, tenuto conto della vulnerabilità intrinseca alla materia che comporta non pochi problemi di manutenzione e conservazione, si giustifica con una serie di vantaggi che si fondano, principalmente, sulla facilità di reperimento del materiale, fatto che diventa di importanza fondamentale in aree dove la mancanza di pietra rende complesse le operazioni di approvvigionamento anche in termini di costo per l'eventuale trasporto da zone meno prossime. Anche la lavorazione del materiale, più volte riutilizzabile se rilavorato con l'acqua e che, al contrario della pietra, non richiede manodopera specializzata né particolari attrezzature, doveva risultare più semplice e meno impegnativa sotto il profilo economico. Non trascurabili, infine, le qualità proprie della terra cruda, soprattutto in relazione alla capacità di isolamento termico e di rilascio e assorbimento rapido dell'umidità dell'aria. In età protostorica, nell'area oggetto della nostra analisi, è usuale la realizzazione di capanne o, comunque, di semplici edifici a carattere abitativo, con tecnica mista: su uno zoccolo in pietra, di altezza variabile a seconda della forma e delle dimensioni dell'ambiente, realizzato con blocchi appena sbozzati e legati con semplice malta di fango, si appoggiava spesso una struttura in terra cruda: i due sistemi principali di messa in opera, la bauge ed il pisé, rispecchiano in realtà il livello tecnologico delle popolazioni che li adottano, in considerazione della maggiore semplicità della prima tec-Earth/Lands Terra/terre 202 Earth/Lands Terra/terre 203 Earth/Lands Terra/terre 203 ly, the actual qualities of earth are not to be dismissed, especially in relation to its capacity for thermal insulation and its rapid release and absorption of moisture from the air. In the proto-historic period, in the area under examination, a mixed technique was commonly used in the building of huts, or simple constructions, as dwellings: an earthen structure was often placed on a stone plinth/zoccolo (of variable height according to the shape and size of the dwelling) made out of roughly-hewn blocks and cemented with ordinary mud: the two main operational systems bauge and pisé, in reality reflect the technological level of the peoples that adopted them, bearing in mind the greater simplicity of the first technique (consisting in manual application of a plastic mixture of earth, water and plant fibres, in successive layers, rammed down with clubs,) when compared to the application of pisé, (a compact mixture of earth, straw and stone chippings, in layers one on top of another, inside wooden formworks), which was a technique well-known for its considerable mechanical resistance. Not always is it possible, however, to assign the scattered remnants of these structures to one or other technique, even though, in the mid and late Bronze Age, bauge was much more widespread, especially in buildings with a circular or oval floor-plan, as was torchis, a mixture of clay, sand and vegetable fibres, being applied to both sides of a framework of flexible sticks, which enabled curved surfaces to be constructed. With the gradual affirmation of rectilinear architecture pisé started to gain a foothold; apart from allowing constructions of a more regular shape, it offered greater guarantees of resistance and might well be considered the traditional building technique of the indigenous peoples from the Iron Age onwards. With regard to the mid Bronze Age, since the excavations are still in progress and studies have only just begun, we are not yet certain if the huts in the village of the Faraglioni on Ustica were built entirely of local, roughly hewn stone, or whether, on the other hand, a structure in bauge or torchis was built on the stone plinth (which might have been of a considerable height). What is certain is that inside the individual dwellingplaces, thick and compact layers of clay and straw, hardened and baked red, were found in many areas; these, quite plausibly, might have belonged to the roofs of the huts themselves (Q.v. ultra 'Ustica'). In the same period, or during the Bronze Age, in the village of Cannatello, in the province of Agrigento, evidence was found of huts with walls built of rather regular-shaped stones, protected at the base and the internal wall by a plinth of clay; other huts had floors of lime and clay laid out on a preparation of clay mixed with plant fibres (Mosso 1908). At Mokarta, in the province of Trapani, there were circular huts built of stone, whilst conspicuous remains of the collapsed roofs were found inside the structure. The material evidence comprises a thick layer of concotto, with traces of wooden beams,
Castelvecchio Calvisio may be considered a perfect case study in the decay of rural towns for several reasons. 1 It is representative of a situation that is common in large inland areas, mainly in a mountainous context; these kinds of sites are especially affected by the problems of depopulation and the dereliction of ancient buildings. The historical fabric of the town bears a clearly defined identity and reveals -better than in other cases -the character of the town as a homogeneous organism. The strong level of authenticity of its historical town buildings is ultimately at risk of being erased by the urgent need for structural repair, and by an unfocused desire to repurpose the small town.
Zusammenfassung Bei der Ansiedlung von Masseria Candelaro handelt es sich um einen charakteristischen Siedlungstyp mit Grabenwerk, wie er im frühen und mittleren Neolithikum die apulische Landschaft der Tavoliere, Prov. Foggia (Süditalien), prägte. In ihrer Struktur weisen diese dörflichen Siedlungen ein durch Freiflächen untergliedertes Wohnareal auf, das von einem oder mehreren Gräben umschlossen ist. Viele unterschied liche, teils sich widersprechende Interpretationen zur ursprüng lichen Funktion der Gräben sind bisher diskutiert worden: von einer defensiven oder hydraulischen Nutzung über die Markie rung von Territorialgrenzen bis hin zur Stärkung des Gruppen zusammenhaltes. In einigen Fällen lässt sich eine sekundäre Nutzung der Gräben als Begräbnisstätte nachweisen, nach dem diese ihre ursprüngliche Funktion verloren hatten. Der Beitrag konzentriert sich im Wesentlichen auf die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabung in Masseria Candelaro und bietet einen kur zen Überblick über die Herausbildung zunehmend formali sierter Bestattungsrituale sowie über die räumlichen Bezie hungen zwischen Gräbern und Siedlungsstrukturen. Summary The settlement of Masseria Candelaro is one of the ditched villages typical of the Early and Middle Neolithic in the Apu lian Tavoliere area, Foggia, southern Italy. These villages have one or more defensive ditches enclosing inhabited areas subdivided by wide empty spaces. Many, sometimes contrasting, interpretations of the origi nal function of the ditches have been proposed, from a defen sive or hydraulic use to the indication of territorial bound aries and/or to strengthen group cohesion. Sometimes Neolithic people recycled the ditches as burial grounds when they had lost their original function. This paper focuses mainly on the archaeological data from the Masseria Can delaro excavation and offers a brief overview of the emer gence of increasingly formalised burial rituals and the spa tial relationships between graves versus different domestic structures in the settlement
Broken Pots and Meaningless Dots? Surveying the Rural Landscapes of Roman Italy
Witcher, R.E. (2006). Broken Pots and Meaningless Dots? Surveying the Rural Landscapes of Roman Italy. Papers of the British School at Rome 74: 39-72. This article questions why the popularity of field survey as a method for the study of rural Roman Italy, and its rapid methodological development, have not been accompanied by parallel developments in theoretical and interpretative frameworks. Field survey remains wedded to a limited range of historical and ‘processual’ questions and isolated from wider archaeological developments in relation to the interpretation of material culture and, in particular, theories of landscape. It is argued that the current attention towards methodology has allowed theory and interpretation to be ignored for too long. The suggestion that survey is incapable of responding to such issues as social identity is dismissed through a deconstruction of how archaeological knowledge is constructed on a hypothetical survey. A variety of assumptions are exposed and critiqued in the light of the wider archaeological literature, and alternative avenues of research suggested. The overall aim is not to lay down a series of prescriptive steps for all future research, but to present a broad agenda for the reintegration of such work with the wider discipline and an appeal for greater diversity in theoretical and interpretative approaches to the archaeology of Roman rural Italy. In questo articolo mi domando come mai il rapido sviluppo metodologico delle indagini di superficie come tecnica per lo studio dell'Italia romana rurale non e stato accompagnato da sviluppi paralleli nelle branche teoretiche e interpretative. L'indagine di superficie rimane legata ad un limitato range di domande guidate da testi e domande 'processuali', ed e isolata da un piu ampio pensiero archeologico circa la cultura materiale e il paesaggio. In forte contrasto con altre regioni e periodi, lo studio del paesaggio romano d'Italia continua a focalizzarsi sui siti, sulla ceramica e sui processi, piuttosto che sui luoghi, la gente e le idee. lo auspico un cambiamento epistemologico per portare gli studi verso un dialogo con la piu ampia disciplina. A questo scopo vengono sottoposte a critica pratiche teoretiche e metodologiche. La convinzione che la ricognizione e incapace di rispondere a questioni come l'identita sociale viene abbandonata attraverso una 'decostruzione' di come la conoscenza archeo-logica viene costruita. Una serie di potenziali soggetti di ricerca vengono discusse al fine di delineare una nuova agenda per le ricognizioni in Italia. II fine e quello di stimolare una diversificazione degli approcci che realizzino pienamente il potenziale informativo della ricognizione come contributo alia studio dei paesaggi romani.