Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban atmosphere of South Delhi, India (original) (raw)
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Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban air of Delhi during 2003
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2008
Atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Delhi were evaluated to study particulate PAHs profiles during the different seasons of 2003. Samples of urban suspended particulate matter were collected during January 2003 to December 2003 at three locations (Okhla, Dhaulakuan and Daryaganj), using a high volume sampler provided with glass fiber filters. Samples were analyzed using the gas chromatography
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2010
Airborne particulates (PM10) from four different areas within Agra city (a semi-arid region) were collected using respirable dust samplers during the winter season (Nov. 2005–Feb 2006) and were then extracted with methylene chloride using an automated Soxhlet Extraction System (Soxtherm®). The extracts were analyzed for 17 target polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the heterocycle carbazole. The average concentration of total PAH (TPAH) ranged from 8.04 to 97.93 ng m − 3. The industrial site had the highest TPAH concentration followed by the residential, roadside, and agricultural sites. Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene were the predominant compounds found in the samples collected from all of the sites. The average B(a)P-equivalent exposure, calculated by using toxic equivalent factors derived from literature and the USEPA, was approximately 7.6 ng m − 3. Source identification using factor analysis identified prominent three, four, four, and four probable factors at industrial, residential, roadside, and agricultural sites, respectively.
POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN PM 10 OF URBAN AND SUBURBAN COIMBATORE, INDIA
A total of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in particulate matter of size less than 10 microns (PM10) collected on glass fibre filters from six sampling stations in urban and suburban Coimbatore, India. Total PAHs in samples ranged between 20 -172 ng/m 3 with an average 90.37 + 57.4 ng/m 3 . Samples of urban and industrial area are found with higher PAH concentrations than the suburban/rural samples, indicating traffic and industrial sources as a major anthropogenic source for PAH. In the current study, naphthalene was observed highest in concentration in samples (15.9 -50.12 ng/m 3 ).
Pakistan journal of science, 2023
The emerging mega city of Lahore has been progressing by leaps and bounds in last two decades which is directly related to an immense increase of number of vehicles and power generation systems using fossil fuels. The present study entails the quantification and evaluation of potential risk due to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) which is one of the known organic pollutants from vehicular, power generation system's exhaust and other industrial activities. The samples of Total Suspended Particulate Matters (TSPM) were collected from various urbanized sites present at Badami Bagh, Lahore, Pakistan for the estimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The technique used for quantification of PAH's was Gas Chromatography. The concentration of mean total of PAH was 746.60 ng/m 3. Dibenzo(a,h) Anthracene was found to be in highest concentration of 142.35 ng/m 3 among all the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under investigation.
The Scientific World Journal, 2012
16 US EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified in total suspended ambient particulate matter (TSPM) collected from an industrial site in Agra (India) using gas chromatography. The major industrial activities in Agra are foundries that previously used coal and coke as fuel in cupola furnaces. These foundries have now switched over to natural gas. In addition, use of compressed natural gas has also been promoted and encouraged in automobiles. This study attempts to apportion sources of PAH in the ambient air and the results reflect the advantages associated with the change of fuel. The predominant PAHs in TSPM include high molecular weight (HMW) congeners BghiP, DbA, IP, and BaP. The sum of 16 priority PAHs had a mean value of 72.7 ± 4.7 ng m−3. Potential sources of PAHs in aerosols were identified using diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis. The results reflect a blend of emissions from diesel and natural gas as the major sources of PAH in the...
Urban Climate, 2021
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the carcinogenic component of carbonaceous aerosols and the toxicity of PAHs depends on their molecular structure. PM 2.5-bound PAHs concentration, their isomeric ratios and health impacts during wintertime (fog and non-fog episodes) are assessed at two heavily polluted sites (Allahabad and Kanpur) in central IGP (Indo-Gangetic plains) to better understand the spatial-temporal variability of PAHs as well as identification of their major sources. The highest contribution to PAH loading is reported from indeno (1,2,3-c,d) pyrene, benzo(g,h,i) perylene, benzo (b,j) fluoranthene and benzo (a) pyrene at the two sites during studied winter campaigns. Significantly higher contribution from 6-ring PAHs to total PAH concentration at Allahabad has been observed as compared to Kanpur. Moreover, lower PAHs concentration observed during dense fog episodes can be attributed to wet scavenging of aerosols by fog droplets. Isomeric ratios of PAHs indicated significant contribution from diesel engine exhaust at Allahabad and gasoline combustion at Kanpur. Substantial contribution from coal combustion and biomass burning emissions during wintertime over these sites was also observed. Estimation of health risk due to PAHs indicate potential health hazard to adults as well as children at both the sites. Furthermore, health risk observed due to carcinogenic metals (Cr (VI), Cd, Ni, As) and PAHs is nearly twice at Allahabad as compared to Kanpur. Diesel exhaust emissions (a dominant source of Cd and PAHs) appeared to be responsible for increased cancer risk at Allahabad. Whereas, higher Cr(VI) and PAHs concentration in the ambient aerosol is aggravating cancer risk at Kanpur.
Atmospheric Environment, 2011
Kandy, a world heritage city, is a rapidly urbanized area in Sri Lanka, with a high population density of w6000 hab km À2. As it is centrally located in a small valley of 26 km 2 surrounded by high mountains, emissions from the daily flow of >100,000 vehicles, most are old and poorly maintained, get stagnant over the study area with an increased emphasis on the associated health impacts. Particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered to be major pollutants in vehicular emissions; while PAHs account for the majority of mutagenic potency of PM. The purpose of the current study is to determine the 8 h average concentrations of ambient PM 10 PAHs at twenty sites distributed in the urban, suburban and rural Kandy. Samples on glass micro fibre filters were collected with a high volume air sampler from July/2008 to March/2009, prepared through standard procedures and analyzed for PAHs by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet visible detection. Further, the type and strength of possible anthropogenic emission sources that cause major perturbations to the atmosphere were assessed by traffic volume (24 h) counts and firewood mass burnt/d at each sampling site, with the subsequent societal impact through quantitative cancer risk assessment. The results can serve as a base set to assess the PAH sources, pollution levels and human exposure. Mean total concentrations of 16 prioritized PAHs (P PAHs) ranged from 57.43 to 1246.12 ng m À3 with 695.94 ng m À3 in urban heavy traffic locations (U/HT), 105.55 ng m À3 in urban light traffic locations, 337.45 ng m À3 in suburban heavy traffic stations, 154.36 ng m À3 in suburban light traffic stations, 192.48 ng m À3 in rural high firewood burning area and 100.31 ng m À3 in rural low firewood burning area. The mean PM 10 concentration was 129 mg m À3 (55e221 mg m À3); which is beyond the WHO air quality standards. Polycyclic aromatic hydro
1999
This paper reports the PAHs levels in the atmosphere of an urbanised industrial site of India. A high-resolution capillary gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometric detector (HRCGC-MS) and a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) equipped with a fluorescence detector were used for the identification and quantitation of PAHs. The atmospheric levels of PAHs were higher (4.66 ng/m 3 yearly average) than most of the concentrations previously reported in the literature. Indian sites were found more contaminated with potently carcinogenic: four and above ringed PAHs. Based on a good correlation between the levels of lead, vanadium, BaP and BghiP, the vehicular emission appears to be a major source of the PAHs. Further, the higher levels of observed PAHs could be attributed to the vertical distribution of the aerosols, the preference of the PAHs for the particulate phase and the greater availability of the substrate in the atmosphere for their sorption. This paper also discusses the need for development of a PAHs monitoring protocol and related health effect studies in developing countries such as India.