Differences between suicide and non-suicidal self-harm behaviours: a literary review (original) (raw)
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The Specifics of Self-Harmers Attempting Suicide
2019
Psychological approaches towards the problem of self-harm vary in their opinion whether the suicidal behaviour belongs to its forms. Whilst ICD-10 includes suicidal attempts within the concept of Intentional Self-Harm, DSM-5 strictly excludes suicidal behaviour from the clinical category of Non-Suicidal SelfInjury. The aim of the study is to bring actual data on self-harming population of adolescents with emphasis on the specifics of those who admitted a suicidal attempt within their history of self-harm. Data from 378 self-harmers aged 11 to 19 (mean=15.51; st. dev.=1.446) showed, that participants with the history of suicidal attempts (25.9%) are specific in the female sex, the higher overall prevalence of self-harming acts, the higher number of forms and earlier onset of self-harming behaviour than those without suicidal attempt. Data analysis showed that suicidal attempts are closely tight to self-harming behaviour and should be considered rather as an escalated and extreme form of this risk behaviour than an independent clinical category.
IP Innovative Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2017
Introduction Self-injury without or without the intent of ending one's life has been reported frequently in literature. The act of self-injury has been referred to by a plethora of terms like para suicide, suicidal attempt, deliberate self-harm, deliberate self-injury. These terms have been used interchangeably, possibly clubbing together different disorders. For instance deliberate self-harm (DSH) is defined as self-poisoning or injury with a non-fatal outcome irrespective of the purpose of the act, using it as an umbrella term for both suicidal and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Separating the self-injury depending on the intent to die while committing the act, such behavior has been divided into suicidal attempt/behavior and NSSI. Suicide attempt is defined as a purposeful self-inflicted non-fatal injury performed with intent to die. NSSI on the other hand is defined as the deliberate, self-inflicted destruction of body tissue without suicidal intent and for purposes not socially sanctioned, includes behaviors such as cutting, burning, biting and scratching skin. (2) Various differences are pointed out between NSSI and suicidal injury. Suicidal self-injury is often associated with thoughts of death and dying, use of single high fatality methods and reactions of compassion and care from the environment. NSSI on the other hand is associated more with thoughts of alleviating distress, use of multiple low lethality methods evokes hostility from the environment. (3) The difference between NSSI and suicide attempts is however far from being so clear cut and defined. Critics of the categorical separation of suicidal and non-suicidal self-injury have argued in favor of a more dimensional construct owing to the difficulty in accurately delineating suicidal intent. (4) There is also a considerable overlap between the two, with higher frequency of NSSI increasing the risk for suicidal behaviour. (5) Not only do they increase the risk, often they tend to co-occur. 14-70% of clinical samples of adolescents and 3.8% to 7% of community samples showed co-occurrence. Generally, individuals with a history of both types of self-injurious behaviors demonstrate increased symptomology in comparison with individuals with NSSI or attempted suicide alone. (6) Till diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM 5) NSSI has always been studied as a part of other psychiatric disorders. The recent understanding that the risk and protective factors for suicidal and non-suicidal self-injury maybe different and that the NSSI can occur
Forms of Deliberate Self-Harm and Their Prevalence in Adolescence
Proceedings of The International Conference on Research in Psychology, 2019
The self-harming behaviour in adolescence as a form of high risk behaviour has recently undergone several changes, which involve three main areas-the prevalence, comorbidity and forms of selfharm. The problem of most studies which have tried to present relevant data with regard to selfharming behaviour is the question of which forms should be included in the study or which forms belong under the notion of self-harm. The ambiguous definition makes it problematic to observe the development of this phenomenon or to compare the data from multiple studies or countries. This study attempts to bring preliminary data related to the prevalence and forms of self-harming behaviour from three perspectives: 1/ self-harm as an intentional self-inflicted damage to the surface of the body, with the expectation that the injury will only lead to minor or moderate physical harm (called "Direct Physical Self-Harm"); 2/ self-harm as an intentional self-inflicted damage to the body, including indirect forms-e.g. through substance abuse (alcohol, medication etc.) or an intervention into the way the organism functions (called "Indirect Physical Self-Harm"); 3/ self-harm as any intentional self-inflicted damage to the body or mind of a person, including forms that cause psychological harm (called "Mental Self-Harm"). The study presents the prevalence of self-harming behaviour in the context of three perspectives and discusses the benefits of these views, their risks as well as the stimuli for further research in the area of selfharming behaviour in the adolescent population.
Clinical Psychology Review, 2012
Self-injurious behaviors (SIB) refer to behaviors that cause direct and deliberate harm to oneself, including nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), suicidal behaviors, and suicide. Although in recent research, NSSI and suicidal behavior have been differentiated by intention, frequency, and lethality of behavior, researchers have also shown that these two types of self-injurious behavior often co-occur. Despite the co-occurrence of NSSI and suicidal behavior, however, little attention has been given as to why these self-injurious behaviors may be linked. Several authors have suggested that NSSI is a risk factor for suicidal behavior, but no comprehensive review of the literature on NSSI and suicidal behavior has been provided. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted an extensive review of the research on NSSI and suicidal behavior among adolescents and adults. First, we summarize several studies that specifically examined the association between NSSI and suicidal behavior. Next, three theories that have been proposed to account for the link between NSSI and suicidal behavior are described, and the empirical support for each theory is critically examined. Finally, an integrated model is introduced and several recommendations for future research are provided to extend theory development.
Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: An Observational Study in a Sample of Adolescents and Young Adults
Brain Sciences, 2021
Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) is the self-inflicted destruction of body tissues without suicidal intent with a prevalence of 1.5% to 6.7% in the youth population. At present, it is not clear which emotional and behavioral components are specifically associated with it. Therefore, we studied NSSI in a clinical sample of youth using the Ottawa Self-injury Inventory and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale 11. The Mann–Whitney test was used to compare the numerical responses provided to the tests. We found 54 patients with NSSI, with a mean age of 17 years. Scores were analyzed in the total sample and in four subgroups. In the total sample, Internal Emotion and External Emotion Regulation, Craving, Non-Planning and Total Impulsivity were significantly associated with NSSI. There were statistically significant differences in Craving between patients with multiple NSSI episodes, suicide attempts and multiple injury modes and patients of other corresponding subgroups, in Internal Emotion Reg...
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal: Criteria differentiation
Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University, 2018
There are 2 types of basic self-destructive behavior: suicide and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Currently, more and more researchers point out significant disorders which are NSSI behavior. This phenomenon is not new; NSSI seemingly has always been present in society, and certainly in approx. 10% of the population worldwide in recent times. Despite the enormous scale of the phenomenon, so far it has been overlooked and marginalized. They were considered transient behavior, typical of adolescence, a part of youthful rebellion. Current research indicates that the disorder affects the adult population in almost equal measure. It is only in the latest diagnostic classification - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth edition (DSM-5) by American Psychiatric Association - that has considered NSSI a separate class of behavior. Up to now, it was classified as a prelude to suicide or an element of personality disorders. NSSI is more commonly associated with disturbin...
Overview of the current knowledge on Nonsuicidal self-injury
2019
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) became a proposed independent diagnostic category for the first time in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition. The objective of this review is to provide an update on current knowledge on NSSI. This paper overviews terms and definitions of self-injury used in the literature, epidemiology, psychosocial correlates, possible functions, furthermore risk factors, prevention and treatment of NSSI. The two most common nomenclatures used in the literature for the phenomenon is NSSI and deliberate self-harm (DSH). The highest point prevalence of NSSI was found in adolescence (approximately 20%), and it is often comorbid with psychiatric disorders and with suicidal behavior (approximately 50% in normal and 70% in clinical population). The functions of NSSI contains affect regulation, self-punishment, anti-suicide and anti-dissociation. The first choice to treat NSSI is psychotherapy, but due to its high comorbidity with psychiatric disorders, the recognition and treatment of these disorders can lead to NSSI prevention as well.