Role of Adipocytes in Obesity and Diabetes: Its Potential Therapeutic Prospects (original) (raw)
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The adipocyte: a model for integration of endocrine and metabolic signaling in energy metabolism reg
2001
The adipocyte: a model for integration of endocrine and metabolic signaling in energy metabolism regulation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280: E827-E847, 2001.-The ability to ensure continous availability of energy despite highly variable supplies in the environment is a major determinant of the survival of all species. In higher organisms, including mammals, the capacity to efficiently store excess energy as triglycerides in adipocytes, from which stored energy could be rapidly released for use at other sites, was developed. To orchestrate the processes of energy storage and release, highly integrated systems operating on several physiological levels have evolved. The adipocyte is no longer considered a passive bystander, because fat cells actively secrete many members of the cytokine family, such as leptin, tumor necrosis factor-␣, and interleukin-6, among other cytokine signals, which influence peripheral fuel storage, mobilization, and combustion, as well as energy homeostasis. The existence of a network of adipose tissue signaling pathways, arranged in a hierarchical fashion, constitutes a metabolic repertoire that enables the organism to adapt to a wide range of different metabolic challenges, such as starvation, stress, infection, and short periods of gross energy excess.
The adipocyte: a model for integration of endocrine and metabolic signaling in energy metabolism regulation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280: E827-E847, 2001.-The ability to ensure continous availability of energy despite highly variable supplies in the environment is a major determinant of the survival of all species. In higher organisms, including mammals, the capacity to efficiently store excess energy as triglycerides in adipocytes, from which stored energy could be rapidly released for use at other sites, was developed. To orchestrate the processes of energy storage and release, highly integrated systems operating on several physiological levels have evolved. The adipocyte is no longer considered a passive bystander, because fat cells actively secrete many members of the cytokine family, such as leptin, tumor necrosis factor-␣, and interleukin-6, among other cytokine signals, which influence peripheral fuel storage, mobilization, and combustion, as well as energy homeostasis. The existence of a network of adipose tissue signaling pathways, arranged in a hierarchical fashion, constitutes a metabolic repertoire that enables the organism to adapt to a wide range of different metabolic challenges, such as starvation, stress, infection, and short periods of gross energy excess.
American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2015
Adipose tissue constitutes an extremely active endocrine organ with a network of signaling pathways enabling the organism to adapt to a wide range of different metabolic challenges, such as starvation, stress, infection, and short periods of gross energy excess. The functional pleiotropism of adipose tissue relies on its ability to synthesize and release a huge variety of hormones, cytokines, complement and growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins, and vasoactive factors, collectively termed adipokines. Obesity is associated with adipose tissue dysfunction leading to the onset of several pathologies including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver, or hypertension, among others. The mechanisms underlying the development of obesity and its associated comorbidities include the hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia of adipocytes, adipose tissue inflammation, impaired extracellular matrix remodeling, and fibrosis together with an altered secretion of adipokines. Recently,...
Diabetes mellitus: are adipocytes passive depot of energy or have any role in energy balance?
JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2005
Type 2 diabetes mellitus was once considered a rare disease, but recently there has been an explosive increase in its incidence. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are characteristics of both type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. These metabolic derangements, combined with hypertension and dyslipidemia, common in type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance, markedly increase the risk of cardiovascular, peripheral vascular, and cerebrovascular disease.
Modulation of Lipid Metabolism by Energy Status of Adipocytes
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2006
It is becoming evident that insulin resistance of white adipose tissue is a major factor underlying the cardiovascular risk of obesity. Impaired fat storage rather than altered glucose metabolism in adipocytes probably contributes to development of insulin resistance in muscle and other tissues, in particular via increased delivery of nonesterified fatty acids into circulation. Lipid metabolism of adipose tissue is affected by the energy status of fat cells.
FAT CELLS: Afferent and Efferent Messages Define New Approaches to Treat Obesity
Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2005
■ Abstract For a long time neural and endocrine messages were studied for their impact on adipocyte metabolism and control of storage/release of fatty acids. In fact, bidirectional communication exists between adipocytes and other tissues. Several molecules secreted from adipocytes are involved in fat cell signaling to other tissues. Adipocyte products could initiate antagonistic effects on target tissues. Fat cells produce peptides that can elicit insulin resistance, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and resistin, as well as hormones that can improve insulin resistance, such as leptin and adiponectin. Secretion of complement proteins, proinflammatory cytokines, procoagulant, and acute phase reactant proteins have also been observed in adipocytes. There is much to learn about how these signals function. It is unlikely that all the adipocyte's endocrine and paracrine signals have been identified. Putative pharmacological strategies aiming at modulation of afferent and efferent fat cell messages are reviewed and discussed. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2005.45:119-146. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by INSERM-multi-site account on 02/06/05. For personal use only. Following SNS stimulation, norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are released from sympathetic nerve terminals, whereas adrenal medulla cells secrete epinephrine. The major elements involved in the regulation of the lipolytic Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2005.45:119-146. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by INSERM-multi-site account on 02/06/05. For personal use only.
2016
Type 1 diabetes is often hereditary, but type 2 diabetes is primarily lifestyle dependent. The world is currently threatened by the ever increasing trend of T2D that is also associated with diabetes-associated complications such as heart disease, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy and so on. As 85-90% of all the diabetes cases in the world are T2D, it becomes all the more important to find avenues to cure T2D. Lifestyle dependency of T2D presents as insulin resistance. Hence, conversion of insulin resistant state to an insulin sensitive state is an essential process for mitigation of this lifestyle associated disorder. Insulin administration is the standard therapy for all kinds of diabetes that has been recently proven to be a contributor to obesity. However, in the case of T2D lifestyle management is more important. This short review focuses on other modalities of managing T2D with or without combining conventional insulin therapy primarily modulation of metabolism using v...