Urbanization (original) (raw)
The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey, 2009
Turkey's urbanization started in the post-World War II era. "Over 3.3 million people were added to the urban population during the 1950s, more than twice as many as in the previous quarter century" (Danielson and Keleş, 1985: 27). This "rapid urbanization" brought major transformations of society, challenging the ideals of the modernization project of the Republican elite; it introduced new problems and challenges prevail today, albeit changed in their nature. These challenges affected various aspects of society, ranging from housing to job markets, from cultural hierarchies to politics, and from rule of law and private property to land rent. "Unregulated and unauthorized housing and job markets" and "unplanned urbanization," along with "populist politics," "rurality in the urban," and "invasion of land" came to be the elements of the discursive production of urbanization in the Turkish context. Accordingly, the "integration"/"assimilation" of rural migrants into urban society, their "illegal" (yet sometimes legitimate) gecekondus, the rent appropriation from gecekondu land, the bargaining power of gecekondu residents with politicians, and their arabesk culture came to be the main problems identified in the Turkish urbanization process, reflecting the top-down approach of the urban elite. In the rest of the chapter, the defining characteristics of urbanization in Turkey are first described briefly. Then, the urbanization experience of Turkey is introduced, divided into two periods: 1950-80, during which the national developmentalist model prevailed; and the 1980s up to today, during which time neoliberal policies have been introduced, restructuring the society and transforming its cities. Finally, "urbanism" and "urbanity" are discussed in the Turkish context, in an attempt to unravel their contested meanings.
First Urbanization Some Old Thoughts and a New Model
Springer, 2024
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Introduction: A global view of urbanization
2018
Urbanization and the urban way of life are now universal phenomena across the globe. Symbolically, and for the first time in history, over 50 percent of the world’s population is now classified as urban. Even larger proportions of the world’s economic activities and social transformations take place in cities, especially larger cities. Although too often described as an “event” or as a challenging turn, this crossing of a threshold does not represent a sudden change in the evolution of the complex urban systems. There is a surprising continuity in the recent history of urbanization in each region of the world that can be modeled and predicted. What is new and may represent a true bifurcation in this history is indeed to be observed in the spatial distribution of urban growth that has shifted from around the Atlantic towards the Pacific regions and African continent and from the richest towards the poorest countries of the world.
The end of urbanisation? Transformation of the urban concept
Dela, 2004
Cities and their environments are continuously changing. During the last two hundred years urbanization has replaced a predominantly rural landscape with an urban landscape. Although the urbanization apparently has transformed the western countries most, the pace of urbanization is now highest in economic less developed countries. However, this does not mean an end to urbanization or a stabilization of the urban landscape in more developed countries. In the second half of the 20 th century growth of large cities ceased and medium sized and small cities went into a period of rapid growth. This new pattern of urbanization (counter urbanization) was strongly debated during the 1970s and onwards, in particular in relation to its practical implications. Decentralisation of political decision making and public service production was soon following the population and often used as an instrument to stimulate growth in less prosperous regions. The Scandinavian countries are cases in point. During the last decade still more examples points at a reversal of the trend; metropolitan areas have begun to grew again both due to net migration and natural increase of the population.
Urbanization and its Discontents
Manipal Centre for Philosophy and Humanities, 2014
Urbanization is not a contemporary ideology. It had evolved since man invented Wheel. History clearly explains that Urbanization was in progress since Man started innovating tools. Urbanization is the growth of urban areas, by rural migration. The United Nations projected that half of the world's population would live in urban areas at the end of 2013 and by 2050 it is predicted that 64.1% of the developing World and 85.9% of developed world will be urbanised. This endangers the life and liberty of Villages (countryside). In context to India, the peaceful and traditional based Villages might get affected due to rapid growth of Cities. Many researchers concluded that in mere future, every Village might be turned to a City for ease of works. The concept of City is purely based on the feature of trade i.e. ‘Ease’. Concentration of all the Trade practises, Government administration and Transport at a place forms a city. In India, the main cause of growth in Urbanization is due to improper facilities at the rural areas. government and civil societies must consider this issue seriously and have to work on it to preserve the historic and traditional values of the Rural Habitat. Many argue that rapid growth of Urbanization creates Environmental affects and changes forms. It is the need of the hour to preserve the mass of the Planet Earth, so Urbanization must hold onto the principle and policy of Sustainable development, Transparency and Good Governance. My paper describes urbanization in the world and its merits and demerits in Visakhapatnam in context of politics and globalization. Keywords: - Urbanization, Development, Government, Civil Societies, UN
URBANIZATION: A STUDY IN SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY
JCIL, 2017
Urbanization, defined as the increase in the number of cities and urban population, is not only a demographic movement but also includes, social, economic and psychological changes. Apart from the advantages, urbanization brings with it a unique set of disadvantages too. The present paper focuses on how urbanization is hurting human values. Urbanization is affecting mental health through the influence of increased factors such as identity and anonymity, technical lifeprocess, reduced social support, weak emotional attachment, alienation and competitive rush. Thus, the paper highlights the points under which urbanization is acting as snag agent, if judged or considered from the viewpoints of ethics and values.
Urbanization, Planning and Development: Consequences, Opportunities and Future
SAMBRIDHI, a Development Journal of Center for Development Studies, 2012
Human settlements evolved from primitive villages to towns, then to the classic cities and shaped by war, trade, religion, politics and the natural environment. Cities are probably the most complex things that human have ever created. They are the wellsprings of culture, technology, wealth and power. People have a love-hate relationship with cities. Like natural ecosystems, our cities have largely been the result of conflict and adaptation and powerful forces beyond our control. Cities have been centers of democracy, creativity and economic activity from the earliest times. The density and agglomeration are essential for productivity and growth. For the first time in history more than half the world’s people live in cities. Nearly two billion new urban residents are expected in the next decade and the urban population of South Asia is likely to be doubled. This raises questions about proper management of urban affairs, and urbanization, urban planning and development in particular. So, “urbanization” becomes an issue to tackle. For many, the question is not how to hold urbanization—it is how to prepare for it, reaping the benefits of economic growth associated with urbanization while reducing congestion, crime, informality and slums. Urbanization, if properly managed through the proper planning and designing of denser, more compact cities that increase businesses and industries, improves urban conditions, as demonstrated by many successful programs around the world. Urban planning is a relatively recent discipline to deal with a vast and complex array of urban problems, which we still don't completely understand. Throughout history, we haven't been very successful for better management of urbanization and planning our cities. Therefore, this write-up is prepared for sharing my thoughts on urbanization, urban development and planning and makes a call for a broad base, scaled-up approach focusing on policies, planning and actions that can help to make local voice collective and heard to insist a collective actions to make a difference and create well-governed and better managed livable cities in Nepal.