Effect of ISI Mitigation on Modulation Techniques in Molecular Communication via Diffusion (original) (raw)

Effect of ISI Mitigation on Modulation Techniques in Communication via Diffusion

arXiv (Cornell University), 2014

Communication via diffusion (CvD) is an effective and energy efficient method for transmitting information in nanonetworks. In this work, we focus on a diffusion-based communication system where the reception process is an absorption via receptors. Whenever a molecule hits to the receiver it is removed from the environment. This kind of reception process is called first passage process and it is more complicated compared to diffusion process only. In 3-D environments, obtaining analytical solution for hitting time distribution for realistic cases is complicated, hence we develop an end-to-end simulator for he diffusion-based communication system that sends consecutive symbols. In CvD, each symbol is modulated and demodulated in a time slot called symbol duration, however the long tail distribution of hitting time is the main challenge that affects the symbol detection error. The molecules arriving in the following slots become an interference source when detection takes place. Endto-end simulator enables us to analyze the effect of inter symbol interference (ISI) without making any assumptions on the ISI. We propose an ISI cancellation technique that utilizes decision feedback for compensating the effect of previously demodulated symbol. Three different modulation types are considered with pulse, square, and cosine carrier waves. In case of constraints on transmitter or receiver node it may not be possible to use pulse as a carrier, and peak-to-average messenger molecule metric is defined for this purpose. Results show that, the proposed ISI mitigation technique improves the symbol detection performance and the amplitude-based modulations are improved more than frequency-based modulations.

On Receiver Design for Diffusion-Based Molecular Communication

IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 2014

Diffusion-based communication refers to the transfer of information using molecules as message carriers whose propagation is governed by the laws of molecular diffusion. It has been identified that diffusion-based communication is one of the most promising solutions for end-to-end communication between nanoscale devices. In this paper, the design of a diffusion-based communication system considering stochastic signaling, arbitrary orders of channel memory, and noisy reception is proposed. The diffusion in the cases of one, two, and three dimensions are all considered. Three signal processing techniques for the molecular concentration with low computational complexity are proposed. For the detector design, both a low-complexity one-shot optimal detector for mutual information maximization and a near Maximum Likelihood (ML) sequence detector are proposed. To the best of our knowledge, our paper is the first that gives an analytical treatment of the signal processing, estimation, and detection problems for diffusion-based communication in the presence of ISI and reception noise. Numerical results indicate that the proposed signal processing technique followed by the one-shot detector achieves near-optimal throughput without the need of a priori information in both short-range and long-range diffusion-based communication scenarios, which suggests an ML sequence detector is not necessary. Furthermore, the proposed receiver design guarantees diffusion-based communication to operate without failure even in the case of infinite channel memory. A channel capacity of 1 bit per channel utilization can be ultimately achieved by extending the duration of the signaling interval.

Simulation Study of Messenger Molecule Displacement in Communication via Diffusion

International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 2017

Molecular Communication via diffusion (MCvD) is a new communication paradigm that uses molecules as the information carrier between the nano-machines. The end to end MolecUlar CommunicatIoN (MUCIN) simulator tool is used to explore the characteristics of the MCvD channel. This simulator considered Binary Concentration Shift Keying (BCSK) technique for modulating binary information symbols, support 1-dimensional environment, and send symbols consecutively. The main issues of MCvD system are the Inter-Symbol Interference that arises when the molecules belonging to the previous symbol come into the current symbol. Conventional MCvD system exhibits a long tail of received molecular histogram, results in higher ISI. In this paper, the displacement of a messenger molecule is increased to reduce the amount of stray molecules in the MCvD channel. The proposed technique shows the first hitting time distribution to determine the highest reception of the information carrying molecules by the receiver. We also evaluate the performance of proposed scheme for different values of step length in terms of Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI), symbol detection and communication delay. Our results indicate that introducing proposed technique significantly improves the performance of MCvD system.

A Survey on Modulation Techniques in Molecular Communication via Diffusion

IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials

This survey paper focuses on modulation aspects of molecular communication, an emerging field focused on building biologically-inspired systems that embed data within chemical signals. The primary challenges in designing these systems are how to encode and modulate information onto chemical signals, and how to design a receiver that can detect and decode the information from the corrupted chemical signal observed at the destination. In this paper, we focus on modulation design for molecular communication via diffusion systems. In these systems, chemical signals are transported using diffusion, possibly assisted by flow, from the transmitter to the receiver. This tutorial presents recent advancements in modulation and demodulation schemes for molecular communication via diffusion. We compare five different modulation types: concentration-based, type-based, timing-based, spatial, and higher-order modulation techniques. The end-to-end system designs for each modulation scheme are presented. In addition, the key metrics used in the literature to evaluate the performance of these techniques are also presented. Finally, we provide a numerical bit error rate comparison of prominent modulation techniques using analytical models. We close the tutorial with a discussion of key open issues and future research directions for design of molecular communication via diffusion systems.

A Novel Pre-Equalization Method for Molecular Communication via Diffusion in Nanonetworks

IEEE Communications Letters, 2015

In this paper, a novel pre-equzalization method in the context of molecular communication via diffusion (MCvD) is proposed. Our method is based on the emission of two types of messenger molecules (MMs) from the transmitter in order to mitigate the high intersymbol interference (ISI), which critically hinders the performance of any MCvD system. In this approach, the difference between the number of received molecules of each MM type is considered as the actual signal at the receiver side. We model the underlying diffusion channel, and conduct an analysis on the error performance of the proposed method. We compare the proposed method with other modulation and ISI mitigation techniques in the literature, such as concentration shift keying, molecular shift keying, molecular concentration shift keying, and minimum mean squared equalization. Simulation results show that, by tuning the delay value between the emissions of the two MM types and their respective molecule counts, the proposed preequalization method outperforms the aforementioned methods and reduces the bit error rate of the MCvD system significantly.

Receiver Design for Pulse Position Modulation Technique in Diffusion-Based Molecular Communication

Molecular Communication via Diffusion (MCvD) is one of the most prominent approaches to interconnect the nanomachines which can do some simple communication functions. In this paper, Pulse Position Modulation is studied. We proposed two techniques in order to design the receiver for this modulation. These detection methods called ML and MAX detector. The performances of the proposed detection algorithms are discussed in the different ISI values. It is seen that two detection methods can achieve the same performance in bit error probability for some practical cases. While the MAX detector is simpler than ML detector.

Modulation Techniques for Communication via Diffusion in Nanonetworks

2011

Communication via diffusion of molecules is an effective method for transporting information in nanonetworks. In this paper, novel modulation techniques called Concentration Shift Keying (CSK) and Molecule Shift Keying (MoSK) are proposed for coding and decoding information of the so-called messenger molecule concentration waves in nanonetworks. The first technique, CSK, modulates the information via the variation in the concentration of the messenger molecules whereas MoSK utilizes different types of messenger molecules to represent the information. Using simulation, the performance of these modulation techniques is evaluated in terms of susceptibility to noise and transmission power requirements. The new techniques achieve high channel capacity values, in particular, the MoSK technique exhibits more robustness against noise and requires less power.

Index Modulation for Molecular Communication via Diffusion Systems

IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2019

Molecular communication via diffusion (MCvD) is a molecular communication method that utilizes the free diffusion of carrier molecules to transfer information at the nano-scale. Due to the random propagation of carrier molecules, inter-symbol interference (ISI) is a major issue in an MCvD system. Alongside ISI, inter-link interference (ILI) is also an issue that increases the total interference for MCvD-based multiple-input-multipleoutput (MIMO) approaches. Inspired by the antenna index modulation (IM) concept in traditional communication systems, this paper introduces novel IM-based transmission schemes for MCvD systems. In the paper, molecular space shift keying (MSSK) is proposed as a novel modulation for molecular MIMO systems, and it is found that this method combats ISI and ILI considerably better than existing MIMO approaches. For nanomachines that have access to two different molecules, the direct extension of MSSK, quadrature molecular space shift keying (QMSSK) is also proposed. QMSSK is found to combat ISI considerably well whilst not performing well against ILI-caused errors. In order to combat ILI more effectively, another dualmolecule-based novel modulation scheme called the molecular spatial modulation (MSM) is proposed. Combined with the Gray mapping imposed on the antenna indices, MSM is observed to yield reliable error rates for molecular MIMO systems.

Intersymbol and co-channel interference in diffusion-based molecular communication

2012 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 2012

paradigm where information is exchanged by the release, the propagation and the reception of molecules. The objective of this paper is to analyze the effects of interference in the most general type of MC system, i.e., the diffusion of molecules in a fluidic medium. The study of the InterSymbol Interference (ISI) and Co-Channel Interference (CCI) is conducted through the analysis of the propagation of signals in a diffusion-based channel. An indepth analysis of the attenuation and the dispersion of signals due to molecule diffusion allows to derive simple closed-form formulas for both ISI and CCI. In this paper, two different modulation schemes, namely, the baseband modulation and the diffusion wave modulation are considered for the release of molecules in the diffusion-based MC and are compared in terms of interference. It is determined that the diffusion wave modulation scheme shows lower interference values than the baseband modulation scheme. Moreover, it is revealed that the higher is the frequency of the modulating diffusion wave, the lower are the effects of the ISI and the CCI on the communication channel. The obtained analytical results are compared and validated by numerical simulation results.

Interference Effects On Modulation Techniques In Diffusion Based Nanonetworks

Currently, Communication via Diffusion (CvD) is one of the most prominent systems in nanonetworks. In this paper, we evaluate the effects of two major interference sources, Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and Co-channel Interference (CCI) in the CvD system using different modulation techniques. In the analysis of this paper, we use two modulation techniques, namely Concentration Shift Keying (CSK) and Molecule Shift Keying (MoSK) that we proposed in our previous paper. These techniques are suitable for the unique properties of messenger molecule concentration waves in nanonetworks. Using a two transmitting couple simulation environment, the channel capacity performances of the CvD system utilizing these modulation techniques are evaluated in terms of communication range, distance between interfering sources, physical size of devices, and average transmission power.