Chapter 2 Conducting Polymers (original) (raw)
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Conducting Polymers: Concepts and Applications
Journal of Atomic, Molecular, Condensate and Nano Physics, 2018
The developments in the field of electrically conducting polymers have grown very rapidly since the discovery and there is a very sharp increase in conductivity when intrinsically insulating organic conjugated polymers are doped with oxidizing and reducing agents. An overview of technological developments involving conducting polymers clearly indicates that the field expands at unprecedented rates. The manuscript first introduces the conducting polymers (CPs), conducting mechanism, concepts of doping and briefly introduces main applications. Different types of CPs, their unique properties and synthesis is discussed. The present review will help the effective implementation of conducting polymers in different fields, which directly depends on the degree of understanding of their behaviour and properties.
Polymer electronic materials: a review of charge transport
Polymer International, 2006
This article presents an overview of the charge transport phenomenon in semiconducting polymer materials. In these disordered systems both intrinsic and extrinsic parameters play significant roles. In general, π-electron delocalization, interchain interaction, band gap, carrier density, extent of disorder, morphology and processing of materials determine the electrical and optical properties. The chemical structure, especially the role of side groups, is quite important in both physical and processing properties. The nature of charge carriers and their role in charge transport depend on the structure and morphology of the system. Hence in several semiconducting polymer devices, the correlations among structure, morphology and transport are rather strong. The dependence of carrier mobility on temperature and electric field needs to be understood in the framework of competing models based on carrier hopping, trapping/detrapping and tunneling. Exactly what determines the dispersive/nondispersive, polaronic and correlative transport regimes is yet to be quantified. An understanding of the carrier mobility in semiconducting polymers is necessary to optimize the performance of polymeric electronic devices.
Advances in conductive polymers
European Polymer Journal, 1998
AbstractÐConductive polymers are a new class of materials which exhibit highly reversible redox behaviour and the unusual combination of properties of metal and plastics. The prospective utility of conductive polymers with a potent application in number of growing technologies in biomolecular electronics, telecommunication, display devices and electrochemical storage systems, etc. has further enhanced the interest of researchers in this novel area. An eort has been made in this article to present an updated review on the various aspects of conductive polymers, viz. synthesis of conductive polymers, doping, structure analysis and proposed utility for further study of the future scienti®c and technological developments in the ®eld of conductive polymers. #
Possible induction of superconductivity in conductive polymer structures
Synthetic Metals, 1995
and characterizing high-temperature superconductor/conductive polymer structures are discussed. Both chemical and electrochemical techniques are used to deposit heterocyclic polymers such as polypyrrole and poly(3-hexylthiophene) onto the cuprate materials. These hybrid systems provide the basis for the construction of the first conducting polymer/superconductor electronic device. Moreover, through the analysis of such structures the initial evidence for the induction of superconductivity into the doped conductive polymer layer is obtained.
On the Processes of the Charge Transfer in the Electrical Conducting Polymer Materials
Chemistry & Chemical Technology, 2013
The analysis of charge transfer processes in the electrical conducting solid polymer systems has been carried out. The processes in these systems are divided to two types. The first type is the process of charge transfer between electrodes and particles while the second onethe process of the charge transfer between conductive particles. The description of medium is carried out using Green temperature functions of polarization operators for the molecular medium. It permits taking into account the effects of frequency and space dispersion. The analytical expressions for kinetic parameters of the charge transfer processes from electrodes to particles and between particles in condensed matter have been obtained. The comparison of the general theoretical dependence of the current in electric conducting polymer composites (ECPC) on the average distance between conducting particles with analogical dependence for some real ECPC are presented in the paper.
Conducting Polymers and their Applications
Current Physical Chemistrye, 2012
This review article focuses on conducting polymers and their applications. Conducting polymers (CPs) are an exciting new class of electronic materials, which have attracted an increasing interest since their discovery in 1977. They have many advantages, as compared to the non-conducting polymers, which is primarily due to their electronic and optic properties. Also, they have been used in artificial muscles, fabrication of electronic device, solar energy conversion, rechargeable batteries, and sensors. This study comprises two main parts of investigation. The first focuses conducting polymers (polythiophene, polyparaphenylene vinylene, polycarbazole, polyaniline, and polypyrrole). The second regards their applications, such as Supercapacitors, Light emitting diodes (LEDs), Solar cells, Field effect transistor (FET), and Biosensors. Both parts have been concluded and summarized with recent reviewed 233 references.
We investigated the effect of an electric field on the alignment and structural properties of thin films of a chiral polybithiophene-based conductive polymer, functionalized with a protected L-cysteine amino acid. Thin films were obtained by exploiting both drop-casting and spin-coating procedures. The electric properties, the polarized Raman spectrum, the UV−vis spectrum, and the CD spectra were measured as a function of the electric field intensity applied during film formation. It was found that beyond the enhancement of the conductivity observed when the electric field aligns the polymer, the electric field significantly affects the chiral properties and the effect depends on the method of deposition.
Electrical properties of polymers
2005
Fully revised and expanded, this new edition of Anthony Blythe's successful title on electrical properties of polymers covers both the fundamental and recent developments in this growing area. The book provides a broad and comprehensive account of the topic, describing underlying physical principles and synthesis through to emerging technologies. The second edition places particular emphasis on the new generation of conductive polymers, describing emerging uses of polymers in industrial applications and covering topics such as light emitting diodes, flexible polymers and soft electronics.
Physico-chemical factors conditioning the electronic conduction of conductive polymers
2021
The driving idea and the main objective of this synthetic work is the study of physicochemical factors such as the dielectric constant of the solvent, the polarizability of the chains and the Gap energy of the conductive polymers, these characteristics condition their properties. electrical and electrochemical. We focused our study on polyaniline, two synthetic methods are presented: chemical polymerization and electropolymerization with emphasis on the theoretical aspects of the phenomena involved as well as on the electrochemical methods used such as cyclic voltammetry. We have therefore developed with maximum clarity the links existing between the physico-chemical properties of polyaniline and its electrical conductivity.
First-principles studies of some conducting polymers: PPP, PPy, PPV, PPyV, and PANI
Journal of Molecular Structure-Theochem, 1999
We present results of first-principles calculations of the electronic properties of several conducting polymers containing either phenylene or pyridine rings. The applied density functional method employs linear muffin-tin orbitals (LMTOs) as basis functions. It has been explicitly constructed for calculating the electronic properties of infinite, periodic, helical, polymeric chains. We study poly(p-phenylene) (PPP), poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV), poly(2,5-pyridine) (PPy), poly(2,5-pyridinevinylene) (PPyV) and polyaniline (PANI). The structural parameters were obtained either from experimental information or by applying semi-empirical methods. We find that by replacing a carbon atom by a nitrogen atom in the phenylene ring, an occupied n-band appears. Simultaneously, the first ionization potential is increased which can be related to the electronegativity of nitrogen compared to that of carbon. When a vinylene linkage separates the rings, steric effects between the rings are diminished and the rings may thus be coplanar. This increases the p -electron delocalization and produces a stabilization of the system. In contrast, by replacing the vinylene linkage by an amine group (resulting in PANI) a non-planar polymer is obtained which has a larger band gap and a smaller ionization potential. ᭧ Journal of Molecular Structure (Theochem) 468 (1999) 181-191 0166-1280/99/$ -see front matter ᭧ Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the unit cell of the studied polymers.