A model of lingual coarticulation based on articulatory constraints (original) (raw)
Related papers
Journal of Phonetics, 1987
V-to-C and V-to-V coarticulatory effects in F 2 frequency are studied for Catalan and Spanish VCV sequences with vowels and consonants involving different degrees of articulatory constraint on tongue-dorsum activity. The findings indicate that coarticulatory effects decrease with the degree of constraint, for the following groups of consonants and vowels: [I] > [1]; [r] > [r]; [{J], [5] > [Y]; [a] > [i]. Moreover, while Vrto-V 1 (anticipatory) effects appear to be primarily associated with the degree of tongue-dorsum constraint upon V 1 , the extent of V 1-to-V 2 (carryover) coarticulation is dependent on the requirements on tongue-dorsum activity for the entire cv2 gesture. Overall, results support the view that coarticulatory effects are related to the control mechanisms involved during the production of neighbouring gestures, and that anticipatory effects are more dependent on timing strategies than carryover effects
Vowel‐to‐vowel coarticulation in Catalan VCV sequences
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1984
'Electropalatographic and acoustical data on vowel-to-vowel (V-to-V) coarticulatory effects were obtained for Catalan VCV sequences, with the consonants representing different degrees of tongue-dorsum contact (dorsopalatal approximant •j], alveolo-palatal nasal [p], alveolo-palatal lateral [•(], and alveolar nasal In]). Results show that the degree of V-to-V coarticulafion in linguopalatal fronting and F2 frequency varies monotonically and inversely with the degree of Wngue-dorsum cobtact, carryover effects being larger than anticipatory effects. The temporal extent of coarticulation also varies with the degree of tongue-dorsum contact, much more so for anticipatory effects than for carryover effects. Overall, results indicate that V-to-V coarticulation .in VCV sequences is dependent on the mechanical constraints imposed on the tongue dorsum to achieve dorsopalatal closure during the production of the intervening consonant. Moreover, anticipatory effects, but not carryover effects, involve articulatory preprogramming.
Lingual kinematics and coarticulation for alveolopalatal and velar consonants in Catalan
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2010
Vertical lingual movement data for the alveolopalatal consonants /ʃ/ and /F/ and for the dorsovelar consonant /k/ in Catalan /aCa/ sequences produced by three speakers reveal that the tongue body travels a smaller distance at a slower speed and in a longer time during the lowering period extending from the consonant into the following vowel ͑CV͒ than during the rising period extending from the preceding vowel into the consonant ͑VC͒. For two speakers, two-phase trajectories characterized by two successive velocity peaks occur more frequently during the former period than during the latter, whether associated with tongue blade and dorsum ͑for alveolopalatals͒ or with the tongue dorsum articulator alone ͑for velars͒. Greater tongue dorsum involvement for /F/ and /k/ than for /ʃ/ accounts for a different kinematic relationship between the four articulatory phases. The lingual gesture for alveolopalatals and, less so, that for velars may exert more prominent spatial and temporal effects on V2 than on V1 which is in agreement with the salience of the C-to-V carryover component associated with these consonants according to previous coarticulation studies. These kinematic and coarticulation data may be attributed to tongue dorsum biomechanics to a large extent.
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2009
Lingual movement data for Catalan vowel-consonant-vowel sequences reveal differences in contextual coarticulatory variability in tongue position at the middle of the consonant for /p / Ͼ / n / Ͼ dark /l / Ͼ / s / Ͼ / b / Ͼ / F/ and at vowel midpoint for /u / Ͼ / a / Ͼ / i/. The velar stop /k/ exhibits a high degree of contextual variability in the horizontal dimension but not in the vertical dimension. These differences in coarticulatory sensitivity are attributed to differences in articulatory constraint, e.g., palatality and frication cause a higher degree of resistance in the consonant than laterality. A higher degree of contextual variability for dark /l/ than expected appears to be associated with speaker-dependent differences in darkness degree. Contextual variability is greater at regions not involved in closure or constriction formation, e.g., at the tongue dorsum than at the tongue front for alveolars. Coarticulatory resistance and coarticulatory aggressiveness are positively correlated: Phonetic segments, which are especially resistant to coarticulatory effects from the adjacent segments, exert maximal coarticulation on them. Consequently, highly constrained segments such as alveolopalatal consonants turn out to affect tongue position for less constrained segments such as back vowels rather than vice versa.
PLOS ONE, 2018
In the first years of life, children differ greatly from adults in the temporal organization of their speech gestures in fluent language production. However, dissent remains as to the maturational direction of such organization. The present study sheds new light on this process by tracking the development of anticipatory vowel-to-vowel coarticulation in a cross-sectional investigation of 62 German children (from 3.5 to 7 years of age) and 13 adults. It focuses on gestures of the tongue, a complex organ whose spatiotemporal control is indispensable for speech production. The goal of the study was threefold: 1) investigate whether children as well as adults initiate the articulation for a target vowel in advance of its acoustic onset, 2) test if the identity of the intervocalic consonant matters and finally, 3) describe age-related developments of these lingual coarticulatory patterns. To achieve this goal, ultrasound tongue imaging was used to record lingual movements and quantify changes in coarticulation degree as a function of consonantal context and age. Results from linear mixed effects models indicate that like adults, children initiate vowels' lingual gestures well ahead of their acoustic onset. Second, while the identity of the intervocalic consonant affects the degree of vocalic anticipation in adults, it does not in children at any age. Finally, the degree of vowel-to-vowel coarticulation is significantly higher in all cohorts of children than in adults. However, among children, a developmental decrease of vocalic coarticulation is only found for sequences including the alveolar stop /d/ which requires finer spatiotemporal coordination of the tongue's subparts compared to labial and velar stops. Altogether, results suggest greater gestural overlap in child than in adult speech and support the view of a non-uniform and protracted maturation of lingual coarticulation calling for thorough considerations of the articulatory intricacies from which subtle developmental differences may originate.
C-V coarticulation in consonants with multiple lingual constrictions
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2013
C-V coarticulation in monosyllabic words containing initial click consonants and /i:/ vowels is investigated in Mangetti Dune !Xung with 114 fps lingual ultrasound and acoustic data collected using the CHAUSA method [Miller and Finch (2011)]. The 114 fps rate yields an image of the tongue every 9 ms (+/−4.5 ms). Vowels following clicks have three lingual gestures involving the tongue tip/blade (TT), tongue body (TB), and tongue root (TR). TT and TB constrictions carried over from the clicks merge into a single vowel constriction at consonant specific rates. The second formant (F2) distinguishes each word type through the vowel midpoint. In regression analyses, TBCL and TRCL best predict F2 for alveolar click initial words, while TTCL best predicts F2 for dental/palatal click initial words. The more open constriction is acoustically inert. In the palatal click initial word, both constrictions are equally close for some speakers, and the gestures undergo blending [Browman and Goldstei...
Phonetica, 1998
Electropalatographic and F2 frequency data in /VlV/ sequences reveal more prominent C-to-V effects for Catalan dark /l/ than for German clear /l/, more so in the /i/ context than in the /a/ context, which is in agreement with the existence of high lingual requirements on the formation of two constriction places for dark /l/. German clear /l/ exerts a similar amount of F2 displacement on both vowels which may be indicative of the tongue dorsum being directed towards a target position; this is also suggested by dorsopalatal contact and formant frequency data showing less voweldependent variability than clear /l/ in other languages though more so than Catalan dark /l/. Salient anticipatory requirements for the implementation of /l/ in the two languages block V1-dependent carryover effects to a large extent which results in more prominent vocalic anticipation than vocalic carryover. This directionality trend in vocalic coarticulation is more obvious for Catalan dark /l/ than for German clear /l/ (in agreement with the former consonantal variety requiring more anticipation than the latter) and opposes German /l/ to clear /l/ in other languages (i.e., the less constrained /l/ variety of Spanish may favor vocalic carryover over vocalic anticipation in VCV sequences).
An electropalatographic and acoustic study of consonant-to-vowel coarticulation
Journal of Phonetics, 1991
Coarticulatory effects from consonants on vowels were investigated using electropalatography and acoustical analysis. The electropalatographic data conform with an articulatory classification of vowels into front and back categories. Moreover, vowels are shown to differ in their degree of sensitivity to coarticulatory effects from the adjacent consonants. In general, consonant-dependent effects are larger upon those articulatory regions which do not intervene in the formation of a vowel constriction, although compensatory variation in other gestures (e.g., lip rounding) must be invoked to interpret the highly variable pattern of lingual coarticulation for [u). The paper also concludes that the degree of C-to-V coarticulation is influenced by the production requirements on the consonant; that explains why the degree of linguopalatal contact for [i] is more affected by the velarized alveolar lateral [t) than by other consonants. The electropalatographic data are generally correlated with acoustic (F 2) data, with greater variation in F 2 frequency in those vowels showing greater variation in linguopalatal contact area .