Intimate partner violence around the time of pregnancy and postpartum depression: The experience of women of Bangladesh (original) (raw)
Related papers
BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 2012
Objective To examine maternal depressive symptoms during and after pregnancy and explore their relationship with intimate partner violence in the 12 months after birth. Design Prospective pregnancy cohort study of nulliparous women. Setting Melbourne, Australia. Population In all, 1507 eligible women completed baseline data (mean gestation 15 weeks). Analyses are presented for 1305 women who completed all follow-up questionnaires. Methods Women were recruited from six public hospitals at between 6 and 24 weeks of gestation. Written questionnaires were completed at recruitment and at 3, 6 and 12 months postpartum. Main outcome measures Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Intimate partner violence was assessed using the short version of the Composite Abuse Scale. Results Sixteen per cent of women reported depressive symptoms (EPDS ‡ 13) in the 12 months postpartum, with most women first reporting depressive symptoms in the second 6 months after birth. Around 40% of women reporting depressive symptoms at each follow up also reported intimate partner violence. Factors associated with postpartum depressive symptoms in multivariable models were: emotional abuse alone (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.72, 95% CI 1.72-4.13), physical abuse (adjusted OR 3.94, 95% CI 2.44-6.36), depression in pregnancy (adjusted OR 2.89, 95% CI 1.75-4.77) and unemployment in early pregnancy (adjusted OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.03-2.48). Conclusions Screening for maternal depression at 3 months postpartum or earlier may miss over half the women with depression in the first 12 months after birth. Intimate partner violence is common among women reporting postnatal depressive symptoms and may be an important factor for health professionals to consider in their management.
Lancet, 2010
Partner violence against women is common during pregnancy and might have an adverse effect on the mental health of women after delivery. We aimed to investigate the association of postnatal depression with psychological, physical, and sexual violence against women by their intimate partners during pregnancy.In a prospective cohort study undertaken in Recife, northeastern Brazil, between July, 2005, and December, 2006, we enrolled pregnant women (aged 18–49 years) in their third trimester of pregnancy who were attending primary health-care clinics. The women were interviewed during pregnancy and after delivery. The form of partner violence in pregnancy was assessed with a validated questionnaire, and the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale was used to measure postnatal depression. Associations were estimated with odds ratios (ORs), adjusted for confounding factors contributing to the association between postnatal depression and intimate partner violence.1133 pregnant women were eligible for inclusion in the study, of whom 1045 had complete data for all variables and were included in the analysis. 270 women (25·8%, 95% CI 23·2–28·6) had postnatal depression. The most common form of partner violence was psychological (294 [28·1%, 25·4–31·0]). Frequency of psychological violence during pregnancy was positively associated with occurrence of postnatal depression, and although this association was attenuated after adjustment, women reporting the highest frequency of psychological violence were more likely to have postnatal depression even after adjustment (adjusted OR 2·29, 95% CI 1·15–4·57). Women who reported physical or sexual violence in pregnancy were more likely to develop postnatal depression (OR 3·28, 2·29–4·70), but this association was substantially reduced after adjustment for psychological violence and confounding factors.Psychological violence during pregnancy by an intimate partner is strongly associated with postnatal depression, independently of physical or sexual violence. This finding has important policy implications since most social policies focus on prevention and treatment of physical violence.Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia da Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia, e Insumos Estratégicos, and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brazil).
The depression in women in pregnancy and postpartum period: A follow-up study
International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 2014
Aim: This was a follow-up study to determine postpartum depression (PPD) and its causes in a population previously evaluated in the first trimester of pregnancy. Methods: The study sample consisted of pregnant women who were evaluated in the first trimester and 360 women who were re-evaluated in the postpartum period. Detailed sociodemographic data were obtained from the women, and depression was assessed with the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression scale (EPDS) and Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Axis I Disorders (SCID-I).
Annals of General Psychiatry
Background Postpartum depression is a common psychiatric complaint of women following delivery and a multitude of psychosocial, maternal, newborn and husband-related factors were contributing to it. This condition has a detrimental impact on the mother–infant caregiving relationship and hastens the infant’s cognitive, emotional and social development. However, a shortage of empirical evidence existed especially in developing countries including Ethiopia. Therefore, we implemented this study to determine the magnitude of postpartum depression and its correlates. Methods A cross-sectional survey was implemented on 378 postnatal women in the maternal and child health clinic of Dessie health centers within 4 weeks of their delivery. Postpartum depression was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Intimate partner violence was operationalized as a psychological, physical and sexual abusive action imposed on women by their associates. We estimated the crude and ad...
POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION: IMPACT ON THE LONG-TERM MENTAL HEALTH OF MOTHERS AND CHILDREN (Atena Editora)
POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION: IMPACT ON THE LONG-TERM MENTAL HEALTH OF MOTHERS AND CHILDREN (Atena Editora), 2023
INTRODUCTION: Postpartum depression is a disorder that can affect a mother's ability to care for her child, as well as harm the emotional relationship and communication between mother and baby. Studies indicate that PPD can have an impact on the psychological and behavioral development of children. Despite being a public health problem, there is little evidence that focuses on the long-term impacts and consequences of PPD on the mental health of mothers and their children. GOAL: To describe, from a literature review, the main repercussions of PPD on the long-term mental health of mothers and children. METHOD: This is an integrative review study. The guiding question is: What is the mother-child relationship like during the process of growth and development after a break in the bond caused by depression? The descriptors used were: “postpartum depression”, “mother-child relationship” and “mental health”. The searches were carried out in the virtual health library, the inclusion criteria were articles in Spanish and Portuguese from the last 10 years. RESULTS: A total of 10 articles were found, 07 were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Studies show that PPD is capable of affecting children's cognition and psychosocial development. Furthermore, maternal rejection negatively influences the bond, since the relationship is based on interest, in which the child is interested in the mother, as he believes that she is the source of his satisfaction in relation to his physiological needs. CONCLUSION: PPD is an important public health problem that affects the mental health of mothers and children in the long term, and can have consequences on the mother-child relationship, including the breakdown of the bond and maternal rejection, which can negatively affect development and growth. of children. It is essential that PPD is identified and treated early to minimize its effects on the mental health of mothers and children.
BMJ open, 2018
An estimated 13% of women in the postnatal period suffer from postnatal depression (PND) worldwide. In addition to underprivileged women, women who are exposed to violence are at higher risk of PND. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and PND in Malaysia. This survey was conducted as a nationwide cross-sectional study using a cluster sampling design. Probable PND was assessed using a self-administered Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Demographic profiles and IPV were assessed using a locally validated WHO Multicountry Study on Women's Health and Life Events Questionnaire that was administered in a face-to-face interview. An EPDS total score of 12 or more and/or a positive tendency to self-harm were used to define PND. Out of 6669 women, 5727 respondents were successfully interviewed with a response rate of 85.9%. The prevalence of probable PND was 4.4% (95% CI 2.9 to 6.7). The overall prevalence of IPV was 4.9% (95...
Journal of Women's Health
Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) negatively impacts maternal and infant health, yet few studies assess violence at multiple time points during the childbearing year. Methods: Using data on 2018 women from the multisite Community Child Health Network (CCHN), this study assesses the relationship between past-year IPV (reported at 1 and 12 months postpartum) and maternal depression and perceived stress measured 1 year postpartum. Past-year IPV was measured using a modified version of the HITS (Hurts, Insults, Threatens, and Screams) assessment; depression was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; perceived stress was assessed by the Perceived Stress Scale. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated risk for depression and estimated stress scores among women reporting exposure to IPV at one or both time points compared to those unexposed to IPV, adjusting for maternal age and household income. Results: At 1 month postpartum, 36% of participants reported past-year IPV. At 12 months postpartum, 48% of participants reported IPV at either or both interviews. Compared to women reporting no IPV at either time point, violence reported at both time points was associated with symptoms of postpartum depression (considered a score of ‡13) (odds ratio [OR] = 2.06, confidence intervals [CI] = 1.21-3.53) and increased levels of perceived stress (b = 1.64, CI = 0.86-2.41) at 12 months postpartum after adjusting for baseline depression and perceived stress, respectively. Conclusions: These findings expand on previous research by showing that IPV, particularly when recurrent, is associated with increased risk of depression and perceived stress 1 year postpartum. Routine IPV screening paired with linkage to support services throughout prenatal and postpartum care is one strategy to address this important problem.
International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 2018
Background: Postpartum depression is an important but neglected public health issue in low-and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to assess postpartum depressive (PPD) symptoms and associated factors in a rural Ethiopian setting characterized by high social adversity and reproductive health threats. We hypothesized that infant gender preference would be associated with PPD symptoms. Methods: A cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted in Sodo district, southern Ethiopia, between March and June 2014. A total of 3147 postpartum women (one to 12 months after delivery) were recruited and interviewed in their homes. The questionnaire included demographic, reproductive health and psychosocial factors in addition to a culturally validated measure of depressive symptoms, the Patient Health Questionnaire. Scores of 5 or more were indicative of high levels of PPD symptoms. Results: The prevalence of high PPD symptoms was 12.2%, with 95% confidence interval (CI) between 11.1 and 13.4. Of these, 12.0% of the study participants had suicidal ideation. Preference of the husband for a boy baby was associated with PPD symptoms in univariate analysis (crude odds ratio 1.43: 95% CI 1.04, 1.91) but became non-significant after adjusting for confounders. In the final multivariable analysis, rural residence [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.56: 95%
The Relationship Between Postpartum Depression and Intimate Partner Violence
The annals of clinical and analytical medicine, 2017
Eş tarafından kadına yönelik şiddetin depresyonu tetiklediği bildirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada postpartum dönemde depresyon geçiren ve geçirmeyen kadınlardaki eş şiddetine maruziyetin postpartum depresyona etkisinin araştırılması amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Aile hekimliğince gebelik takibi yapılan ve doğum sonrası izlemi yapılan postpartum döneminin 4. haftasında olan kayıtlı 128 kadın olgu çalışmaya dahil edildi. Daha önce ruhsal hastalık öyküsü ve ilaç kullanımı olmayan postpartum dönemindeki kadınların psikiyatrik değerlendirmesi yapıldı. Edinburgh doğum sonrası depresyon ölçeği (EDSDÖ) ve tarafımızca hazırlanan sosyodemografik form verildi. EDSDÖ'de depresyon saptanan ve saptanmayan olguların şiddete maruziyetleri ve sosyodemografik özellikleri uygun istatistiksel yöntemler ile karşılaştırıldı. Bulgular: EDSDÖ puanlarını 12 ve üzerinde olanları depresyon kabul ederek yapılan gruplamada, olguların %43.7'sinde (n=56) depresyon saptanmazken, olguların 72'sinde (%56.3) postpartum depresyon saptanmıştır. Depresyonu olan olguların yaş ortalaması ve evlilik süresi depresyonu olmayan olgulardan istatistiksel olarak anlamlı yüksek bulunmuştur (sırasıyla p=0.035 ve p=0.003). Postpartum depresyonu olan olguların duygusal ve fiziksel şiddete maruziyet oranı postpartum depresyona uğramayan olgulara göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı yüksek bulundu (sırasıyla p<0.001 ve p=0.047). Gruplar arasında ekonomik ve cinsel şiddete maruziyet açısından anlamlı bir farklılık saptanmadı. Tartışma: Duygusal şiddet postpartum depresyon gelişiminde önemli bir risk faktörüdür. Evlilik ve duygusal şiddete maruziyet süresinin uzaması postpartum depresyon riskini arttırmaktadır. Ruh sağlığı çalışanları duygusal şiddetin travmatik etkisine de odaklanarak, destekleyici yaklaşımlarda bulunmaları postpartum depresyon gelişme olasılığını azaltabilir. Gelecekte elde edilen bulguların daha geniş örneklemli ve uzunlamasına çalışmalarla desteklenmesi konunun netleşmesine katkı sağlayacaktır.