The influence of natural environmental condition towards the existence of vector's larva of dengue hemorrhagic fever: Aedes Aegypti (original) (raw)
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In Pakistan, water storage bodies are often the most plentiful and active habitats of immature stages of mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are blood feeding type of vectors that bite a particular host and suck blood. As a result, these vectors transmit disease causing agents to the host system. The most common mosquitoes borne viral diseases in Pakistan are Chicken gunya, Dengue fever, west nile and Zika fever. These diseases are common in low and poor living standard areas. Death rate increases due to more attack of these fatal diseases. Mosquitoes breeding sites are water bodies, discarded tyres, water tanks, bottles, cups and ant traps. Various environmental agents i.e. temperature fluctuations and water resources, now increase the rate of mosquitos in most areas of Pakistan. There is a lack of basic medical education and knowledge about its pervention techniques in mosquito affected areas in Pakistan. The purpose of this review is to highlight the current status of emerging mosquito borne viral diseases in Pakistan, i.e. Chicken gunya, Dengue fever, est nile and Zika fever. There is more need of prevention strategies and understanding about factors involved in spreading of mosquito borne diseases.
Porcelain and plastic materials constitute bulk of household wastes. Owing to resistibility and slow degradability that accounts for higher residence time, these materials qualify as potential hazardous wastes. Retention of water permits these wastes to form a congenial biotope for the breeding of different vector mosquitoes. Thus porcelain and plastic wastes pose a risk from public health viewpoint. This proposition was validated through the study on the porcelain and plastic household wastes as larval habitats of Dengue vectors (Aedes spp.) in rural and urban areas around Kolkata, India. The wastes were characterized in terms of larval productivity, seasonal variation and a comparison between urban and rural areas was made using data of two subsequent years. The number of wastes positive as lar-val habitats and their productivity of Aedes spp. varied among the types of household wastes with reference to months and location. Multivariate analysis revealed significant differences in the larval productivity of the household wastes based on the materials, season, and urban–rural context. Results of Discriminant Analysis indicated differences in abundance of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus for the urban and rural areas. The porcelain and plastic wastes were more productive in urban areas compared to the rural areas, indicating a possible difference in the household waste generation. A link between household wastes with Aedes productivity is expected to increase the risk of dengue epidemics if waste generation is continued without appropriate measures to limit addition to the environment. Perhaps , alternative strategies and replacement of materials with low persistence time can reduce this problem of waste and mosquito production.
Household disposables as breeding habitats of dengue vectors: Linking wastes and public health
Waste Management, 2013
An assessment of the household wastes as larval habitats of the dengue vectors was made considering Kolkata, India, as geographical area. Wastes of four major categories, namely, earthen, porcelain, plastic and coconut shells were monitored for positive with immature of either Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus. Twenty six types of wastes with varying size and shape, resembling containers, were identified that hosted mosquito immature. The number of waste containers positive for Aedes immature varied significantly (P < 0.05) with respect to location, type and month. The relative density of Aedes immature in the waste containers varied significantly (P < 0.05) with the types and months. The significant interaction between the month, waste container types and density of Aedes immature suggest that the household wastes are important contributors to the maintenance of the population of Aedes mosquito in the city. Based on the relative density of mosquito immature in the wastes, cluster analysis allowed segregation and classification of the wastes and their importance as mosquito larval habitats. Apparently, the containers that are most frequently disposed off contributed largely to the sustenance of Aedes mosquito population in the city. This calls for a strict legislation towards disposal as well as enhanced management of the household wastes. A link between the wastes disposed and subsequent conversion to the mosquito larval habitats cautions for continuance of Aedes population and possibility of dengue epidemics if the existing management practices are not improved.
A study on knowledge and practices regarding mosquito borne diseases
IP Innovative Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2017
Introduction: Vector borne diseases are prevalent all over the world, especially in tropical regions. In India mosquito borne diseases such as malaria and dengue are in steep rise. Community participation plays an important role in controlling the transmission of mosquito borne diseases. Community participation depends on public awareness and knowledge towards the diseases and their prevention. Therefore, the present study aimed at determining the knowledge regarding mosquito borne diseases, current mosquito control practices among rural population. Materials and Method: The present questionnaire based cross sectional study was carried out in Thuvakudi government hospital. Study period was for three months (October 2016 to December 2016). Participants were either patients or family members of patients waiting to be seen by a health care official. Data was collected from total 329 people on the basis of systemic random sampling. Results: 329 subjects were included in the study. Most of the study participants were aware of malaria (88.4%) followed by dengue (59.5%) and chickungunya (15.0%). Majority of participants in our study consider dirty stagnant water (47.3%) is the place where mosquitoes breed. 6.2% are not aware of mosquito breeding sites. 16.3% participants considered garbage is the place for mosquito breeding. Liquid vaporizers (40.1%) were found to be the most commonly used method followed by coils/mats (36.6%). Conclusion: Knowledge towards mosquito borne diseases was good with respect to malaria followed by dengue. Knowledge regarding mosquito breeding places was also good, but few participants believe garbage as one of the places of mosquito breeding. All the participants in our study are taking any one of the preventive measures against mosquitoes.
2010
Objective To study dengue vector breeding patterns under a variety of conditions in public and private spaces; to explore the ecological, biological and social (eco-bio-social) factors involved in vector breeding and viral transmission, and to define the main implications for vector control. Methods In each of six Asian cities or periurban areas, a team randomly selected urban clusters for conducting standardized household surveys, neighbourhood background surveys and entomological surveys. They collected information on vector breeding sites, people's knowledge, attitudes and practices surrounding dengue, and the characteristics of the study areas. All premises were inspected; larval indices were used to quantify vector breeding sites, and pupal counts were used to identify productive water container types and as a proxy measure for adult vector abundance. Findings The most productive vector breeding sites were outdoor water containers, particularly if uncovered, beneath shrubbery and unused for at least one week. Peridomestic and intradomestic areas were much more important for pupal production than commercial and public spaces other than schools and religious facilities. A complex but non-significant association was found between water supply and pupal counts, and lack of waste disposal services was associated with higher vector abundance in only one site. Greater knowledge about dengue and its transmission was associated with lower mosquito breeding and production. Vector control measures (mainly larviciding in one site) substantially reduced larval and pupal counts and "pushed" mosquito breeding to alternative containers. Conclusion Vector breeding and the production of adult Aedes aegypti are influenced by a complex interplay of factors. Thus, to achieve effective vector management, a public health response beyond routine larviciding or focal spraying is essential.
The International Journal of Health, Education and Social (IJHES), 2019
Karimun Regency is an archipelago with an average temperature of 27.8 o C and an average humidity of 83.7% which is ideal for the breeding of Aedes sp. The community also has many water reservoirs both inside and outside the house. The condition can increase the density of Aedes sp. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between environmental factors and the presence of larvae with the incidence of DHF on Karimun Besar Island, Karimun Islands, Indonesia. This study used case control design. This research conducted in August to October 2019. The total sample of 92 respondents with 46 case samples and 46 control samples. Case samples were taken by total sampling. Environmental factors analyzed were indoor air temperature and relative humidity (RH), the presence of breeding places, mosquito larvae, and resting places. In this study also described the type of water storage found by mosquito larvae as a breeding place. The DHF case obtained from the DHF case data report from the Karimun District Health Office. Cases traced retrospectively. It was found that environmental factors were not associated to the incidence of DHF (p value>0.05). The presence of larvae was associated with the incidence of DHF (p-value = 0.005; OR = 5.600, 95% CI = 1,701-18,438). Most larvae found in the bathtub. The incidence of DHF in Karimun influenced by the lack of mosquito control practice that increased the mosquitoes breeding habitat.
Pathogens and Global Health, 2016
Introduction: Dengue has emerged as a major public health problem in Sri Lanka. Vector control at community level is a frequent and widespread strategy for dengue control. The aim of the study was to assess Aedes mosquito breeding sites and the prevention practices of community members in a heavily urbanized part of Colombo. Methods: A cross-sectional entomological survey was conducted from April to June 2013 in 1469 premises located in a subdistrict of the City of Colombo. Types of breeding sites and, where found, their infestation with larvae or pupae were recorded. Furthermore, a questionnaire was administered to the occupants of these premises to record current practices of dengue vector control. Results: The surveyed premises consisted of 1341 residential premises and 110 non-residential premises (11 schools, 99 work or public sites), 5 open lands, and 13 non-specified. In these 1469 premises, 15447 potential breeding sites suitable to host larvae of pupae were found; of these sites18.0% contained water. Among the 2775 potential breeding sites that contained water, 452 (16.3%) were positive for larvae and/or pupae. Schools were associated with the proportionally highest number of breeding sites; 85 out of 133 (63.9%) breeding sites were positive for larvae and/or pupae in schools compared with 338 out of 2288 (14.8%) in residential premises. The odds ratio (OR) for schools and work or public sites for being infested with larvae and/or pupae was 2.77 (95% CI 1.58, 4.86), when compared to residential premises. Occupants of 80.8% of the residential premises, 54.5% of the schools and 67.7% of the work or public sites reported using preventive measures. The main prevention practices were coverage of containers and elimination of mosquito breeding places. Occupants of residential premises were much more likely to practice preventive measures than were those of non-residential premises (OR 2.23; 1.49, 3.36). Conclusion: Schools and working sites were associated with the highest numbers of breeding sites and lacked preventive measures for vector control. In addition to pursuing vector control measures at residential level, public health strategies should be expanded in schools and work places.
Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2022
AIM: This study aimed to examine the effect of environmental factors and the presence of Aedes aegypti larvae on the prevalence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Bukittinggi. In particular, the study was conducted to reduce the prevalence of DHF through vector control (A. aegypti) guided by the mosquito larvae free rate by proposing a model for environmental management in an A. aegypti larva-free area in Bukittinggi. METHODS: Precipitation, air temperature, and humidity in 2015-2019 in Bukittinggi were measured to analyze their effect on the prevalence of dengue fever. Samples of data on the prevalence of dengue cases were carried out in total population against data on the prevalence of dengue cases, which amounted to 686 cases, and data on mosquito larvae free rates during 2015-2019. Pearson correlation analysis was used. RESULTS: The results show that the average air temperature in Bukittinggi over the past 5 years allows mosquitoes to survive because they have an average air temperature that functions as an optimum breeding vector. High precipitation can be expected to increase the breeding places of the A. aegypti so that the population will increase also has an impact on increasing cases in that month and several months later. Furthermore, the results confirm that there is no significant relationship and also no correlation between physical environmental factors, such as air temperature, humidity, and precipitation with the prevalence of dengue cases in Bukittinggi during the 2015-2019 periods. CONCLUSION: Based on the pattern of distribution of DHF cases in Bukittinggi during the 2015-2019 periods, controlling the prevalence of DHF cases needs to focus on activities in areas/villages that are endemic for DHF, without neglecting areas/villages where the prevalence of DHF cases is low, both at the temperature of the air and the mosquitoes will cause dengue fever experience optimal development, low, medium, and high precipitation, as well as in humidity where mosquitoes will experience ideal development.
8. Aedes Mosquitoes Abundance In Relation To Some Climatic Factors In Banda Aceh City, Indonesia
The International Journal of Tropical Veterinary and Biomedical Research, 2016
Dengue viruses and their mosquito vectors as an endemic disease in Indonesia are sensitive to their environment. The rising incidence of dengue is influenced by many factors, climate is one of them. Temperature, rainfall and humidity have well-defined roles in the transmission cycle. Changes in these conditions may contribute to increasing incidence. The purpose of this research was to determine the correlation between the dengue vector abundance and some climatic factors (temperature, rainfall and humidity) in Banda Aceh city after the tsunami. We also examined the potential effects of climate variations on dengue epidemiological pattern in indoor and outdoor of tsunami affected areas in Banda Aceh City during January – December 2010. Data processing was performed using SPSS and will be presented in tabular form. Pearson correlation test for parametric test and Spearman correlation coefficients for non-parametric test were performed to investigate the overall correlation between ...