The Silk Trade between Spain and the islamic mediterranean area /16th - 18th centuries) (original) (raw)
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(with H. Casado Alonso, F. Miranda and J. Sequeira) International Trade and Commerce, 1000–1500
An Economic History of the Iberian Peninsula, 700–2000, ed. by Pedro Lains and others, Cambridge. ISBN (digital edition): 9781108770217, 2024
This chapter analyses foreign trade and trade routes in the Iberian Peninsula between the eleventh and the fifteenth centuries. It overviews the dual circumstances of the Christian kingdoms and of the Muslim al-Andalus over the long term, although it focuses especially on the period between the thirteenth and the fifteenth centuries, and on events taking place in Castile, Aragon and Portugal. The study tries to answer questions like how were the Iberian trade ties forged, how did the Iberian economies integrate with the Mediterranean and north-European markets, and what role did Iberian and foreign traders play in the commercial gamble. For this purpose, the Iberian trade is examined from three different angles. First, from the routes and the goods traded among the Iberian kingdoms as well as outside Iberia. Second, from the role of agents and institutions. This will involve an analysis of the distinction between local and foreign traders, as well as the influence of institutional frameworks on foreign trade. Finally, the chapter clarifies the reasons why Iberia achieved a leading position in European trade during the later middle ages, and why it spearheaded foreign trade at the dawn of the sixteenth century and the so-called "First Global Age".
Some reflections on how silk entered Europe BCE
There are only a limited number of readers that master the Danish language, and since I wanted to make this essay available to all the other people potentially interested in it, I have decided to translate it. I shall point out, however, that a couple of cognitions (some of which appear to be essential to the core statement of the essay’s conclusion) have become obsolete over the years. Thus, consider this text as a document of its time.
Essays on Production and Trade in Late Medieval Iberia and the Mediterranean, 1100–1500, 2023
From the tenth century on, technical and technological advancements in agriculture resulted in an unprecedented growth of cultivated land in Europe, which would contribute to a progressive integration of markets. This economic drive occurred during a time of profound political, social, and religious change. In certain parts of Europe, citystates emerged to become the standard form of polity, breaking away from previous ruling models and thrusting a new era of urban life and economic development. This period was also marked by the zenith of Islam throughout the Middle East, the Maghreb, and the Iberian Peninsula, with its people revolutionising agricultural production. Through specific case studies, this book aims to understand how these pieces of the medieval economy worked and evolved, how distinctive they were from one region to another, and what consequences local, regional, and international trade have had in people's everyday lives.
Indian Trade with the Eastern Mediterranean 16th and 17th Centuries
The Portuguese attempts for monopoly trade in the Indian Ocean received a major set back because of the parallel circulatory processes between India and the Mediterranean in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in differing quantities and degrees. This parallel trade circuit was made possible, on the one hand, because of the flow of considerable cargo through the Aden-Cairo-Alexandria route fed initially by the al-Karimis as well as the Jews and later by the Marakkars of Malabar and the banians of Gujarat. On the other hand there were the circulatory processes oriented towards the ports of Persian Gulf region through which commodities were made to flow to the eastern Mediterranean. These were channels not only for 'clandestine' commodity movements alone, but also for legitimately procuring bullions needed for the fast expanding Shia kingdoms of Deccan and the gunpowder empire of the Mughals in north India. The Indian trade with the eastern Mediterranean had two different operational lines, viz., the Red Sea ports and the doors of Persian Gulf. Till 1540s the ports of Red Sea formed the main channel through which Indian goods entered eastern Mediterranean. However with the occupation of Basra in 1538 by the Ottomans and the consequent introduction of Pax Turcana in the entire land-space between Persian Gulf and eastern Mediterranean, there got ushered in security and safety needed for the movement of high value-intense commodities like bullions, precious stones , textiles etc, which made the route through Persian Gulf take precedence over the land route through Red Sea in the later period. 2 The central purpose of this chapter is to examine the exigencies by which the parallel circulatory processes of commodities between Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean were allowed to evolve and made to become supplementary layers for the changing structures of the Portuguese economy in the Indian Ocean. It also examines the multiple channels