Inhibitory effects of Neem (Azadirachta indica Linn.) and Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola Heckel) leaves on selected pathogenic bacteria (original) (raw)
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Azadirachta indica commonly known as neem is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Meliaceae. The research was carried out to determine the antimicrobial effects of aqueous extracts of the leaves of Azadirachta indica using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of extracts as indices. Clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus were used as test organisms. For the aqueous extract of the leaves, a minimum concentration of 125 mg/ml was found to inhibit the growth of K. pneumoniae and S. aureus in nutrient broth. MBC for K. pneumoniae and S. aureus are 250 and 250 mg/ml, respectively. The aqueous extracts of A. indica showed relatively strong antimicrobial activity, inhibiting the growth of bacterial isolates used which therefore indicates that the plant has antibacterial properties. It may be attributed to the high active compounds from the sample unlike the low volatility of some extracts such as ethanol. It is recommended that management studies should be carried out on the plant to explore its usage as a possibility of treatment for pathogenic bacterial infections.
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 2015
The present study was carried out to screen and evaluate antimicrobial activity of leaf and bark extracts of Azadirachta indica. Ethanol and aqueous extract of leaves and barks of A. indica (Neem) were tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus which are known to be resistant to various antibiotics. Neem materials which were used during this study were collected from Bugesera district precisely at Nyamata in Murama sector whereas the bacterial strains were isolated from microbiology laboratory of CHUK (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali) and transported under safe conditions to be kept in KIST laboratory under favorable conditions for each of them. The efficiency of the extracts was studied and determined by applying different extract concentrations onto the two cultured bacterial strains using the disc diffusion method. In this study, we examined the in vitro effect of extracts of different neem (Azadirachta indica) plant (leaf and bark) on Staphylococcus aur...
The use of herbal decoctions in treating wound infections is increasing especially in developing countries including Nigeria. The increasing incidence of wound infections, coupled with the scarce foreign exchange to import potent antibiotics into the country and the inherent capacity of the wound pathogens to resist the therapeutic effects of such antibiotics have necessitated the use of alternative but effective medical remedies for wound treatment. The objective of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of Azadirachta indica on common wound pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Agar diffusion assay was employed to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the neem plant at six concentration levels by measuring the diameter of zones of inhibition around the tested organisms. The data obtained was statistically analyzed using student t-test of unpaired comparison. Streak plate technique was used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the tested extracts. Both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts exhibited considerable antibacterial activity against the selected wound pathogens Using agar disc diffusion assay and at varying concentrations, the two extracts showed antibacterial activity against all test bacteria used. When compared, ethanolic extract showed greater zones of inhibition than the aqueous extract. The results showed that sensitivity is directly proportional to the concentrations of the neem extract. It is therefore important that because of the low cost of production of both types of extracts, it should be encouraged as an option in African countries especially Nigeria. This beneficial use of the plant forms a basis for further research and evaluation.
Neem: Antibacterial properties, 2023
Traditional medicines such as Azadirachta indica (A. indica) possess medicinal properties that should be explored in drug discovery to combat infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance. This study provided insights into the antibacterial activities of A. indica. This narrative review utilised Google Scholar and PubMed to search for articles that were published from January 2000 to September 2023 on the antibacterial activities of A. indica. The study found that A. indica has activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and other bacteria. The antibacterial activities of A. indica were reported to be due to its phytochemical content such as phenolics, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, fatty acids, and alkaloids. This review found that A. indica has antimicrobial activity against some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria due to the presence of phytochemicals. There is a need to increase investment in drug discovery and the integration of traditional medicine into the healthcare system.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Azadirachta indica Leaf Extracts
The current investigation was designed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) commonly known as neem against some gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas florescence) bacteria by disc diffusion method. Phytochemical studies show the presence of saponins, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, coumarins and alkaloids. Ethanol extracts (50 mg/mL) exhibited the highest activity 12, 20, mm zone of inhibition [s. aureus and E. coli], Petroleum-ether extracts (or control) exhibit the least activity.
The Antimicrobial Efficacy and Phytochemical Analysis of the Stem Bark of Azadirachta indica (Neem)
Abstract Keystone symposium , 2019
Plants have been a source of herbal remedy throughout the history of mankind. Worldwide, various medicinal plants are used to treat ailments and diseases. Azadirachta indica (Neem) is used in traditional medicine as a source of many therapeutic agents in the Chinese and African cultures. The anti-microbial efficacy of the stem back of Azadirachta indica was evaluated using its solvent extracts. The solvents used were Petroleum ether (PE), Hexane (HE), Methanol (ME), Water. Four different bacterial isolates and one fungal isolate were used in the study. The bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The fungal isolate was Candida tropicalis. Antibiotic sensitivity of the bacterial isolates was tested using standard Gram positive and Gram negative antibiotic sensitivity discs. Agar well diffusion technique was used in investigating the efficacy of the solvent extracts of the stem bark of Azadirachta indica. It was observed that the Petroleum ether (PE), Ethanol (EE) and Hexane (HE) extracts of the stem bark of Azadirachta indica were effective on Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida tropicalis at undiluted concentration (100%) and diluted concentrations (133.3mg/ml and 100mg/ml). None of the solvent extracts used in concentration (100%) and diluted concentrations (133.3mg/ml and 100mg/ml). None of the solvent extracts used in this investigation was effective on Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli was susceptible to the actions of ofloxacin, gentamicin and nitrofurantoin. Klebsiella pneumonia was susceptible to the actions of ofloxacin. Phytochemical analysis of the stem bark of Azadirachta indica showed the presence of alkaloids, steroids and anthraquinones.
Assessment of Phytochemical and Antibacterial properties of Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica
IJPUBLICATION, 2019
Azadirachta indica is one of the most useful traditional plants in the sub-continent. All around the world, there are so many medicinal plants have been used for years in everyday life to cure the diseases (C.D). Each part of the tree has few medicinal properties. Phytochemical analysis gave positive result for alkaloids, steroids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins. There are pharmacologically bioactive constituents in the leaf extract of Azadirachta that may possibly for its activity against test organism. The study was aimed characterize and to identify the presence of antibacterial phytochemicals present in the Neem (leaves).
Antibacterial activity of A. indica, 2024
Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae), a family of Mahogany trees, is native to the Indian subcontinent. A. indica, known as neem, has been used in traditional medicine for centuries due to its various medicinal properties, including antibacterial activity. This study analysed the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activities of A. indica against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). This study was conducted between August 2023 and October 2023. Extraction of the active ingredients from A. indica leaves was done using the aqueous and ethanolic solvents. Various concentrations of both extracts of A. indica were tested for antibacterial activity against E. faecalis using the disc diffusion method and sensitivity was measured using the zones of inhibition. This study found the presence of phytochemicals including phenolics and tannins in both extracts. Further, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins were only found in the aqueous extract. Furthermore, steroids were found in the ethanolic extract only. Intriguingly, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts produced activity against E. faecalis with a minimum inhibitory concentration for both tbeing 20 mg/mL. The zones of inhibition increased with an increase in extract concentration, and the largest observed was 9.6 mm using the ethanolic extract. This study highlights the promising antimicrobial properties of both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. indica as exhibited by significant inhibitory activity against E. faecalis. These findings support the traditional use of Neem in folk medicine as an antibacterial agent and highlight its potential for the development of novel therapeutic agents.
Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2016
The study was conducted during the period of July 2004 to June 2005 in the Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics in collaboration of Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh to determine the profile of antibacterial effect of crude neem leaf paste (CNLP), aqueous neem leaf extract (ANLE), and standard antibiotic Ceftriaxone against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Five separate experiments were done e.g. I) Determination of inhibitory effect of crude neem leaf paste (CNLP) by incorporation into nutrient agar media (NA), against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. II) Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of aqueous neem leaf extract (ANLE) against that three test organisms by broth dilution technique, III) Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of standard antibiotic ceftriaxcone against test organisms by broth dilution technique as well as making a...
Antimicrobial Activity of Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leave Extract Against Some Clinical Isolates
The present study was carried out at Microbiology and Chemistry Laboratories, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa state. To investigate the activity of neem leave extract against some clinical isolates. The test organism includes Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. The phytochemical compounds present in the neem was extracted using ethanol as solvent, soxhlet extractor was used to get the extract phytochemical screening were carried out using the standard methods, some of the examined phytochemical are Alkaloids, Saponin, Phenol, Tannins and Flavonoids. The extract is more effective against a Gram negative E.coli and K.pneumonae as compared to S.aureus gram positive. The zone of inhibition of the extract at the 125mg/ml is 21 and 14. For gram negative and gram positive bacteria respectively. The mean of the minimum inhibitory concentration of A. indica leaf extract, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract in vitro revealed to be at much lower concentration 50mg/ml against E.coli as compared to 100mg/ml against S. aureus the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of A. indica leaf extract shows that the extract have a bacteriostatic effect against gram negative bacteria with static effect against gram positive bacteria