The Ethics of Espionage CHAPTER 2 (original) (raw)
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Intelligence and US Foreign Policy since WWII: A Review of Current History
When the Obama administration took office in 2009, International Relations (IR) scholars had high expectations for the new government. Many scholars took Obama campaign slogan - change we can believe in - to mean that the new president will initiate reforms that bring US foreign policies into line with international laws. However, Obama soon authorized covert operations on sovereign states soil, which violate the norm of state sovereignty. This continuing trend in the use of intelligence and other exceptional means, regardless of party affiliation, suggests that a complete analysis of U.S foreign policy cannot be done without taking these measures into account. For this reason, this article aims to review the roles of intelligence in US foreign policy since the end of the Second World War in order to reiterate the importance of intelligence in analysing the policies of the US.
THE UNITED STATES' FOREIGN POLICY AND INTELLIGENCE GATHERING: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT
During the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, the U.S. adopted foreign policy strategies whose objective was to meet the challenges of Soviet Communism. In the early years of the Cold War, the use of intelligence gathering and covert operations rested on a general consensus regarding the nature of the competition with the Soviet Union. Driven by the apparent urgency of the competition, U.S. policy makers increasingly turned to covert interventions. The CIA which was created in 1947 by the National Security Act has often been accused of interfering in the internal affairs of other nations, especially the third world nations. These interventions were prevalent during the Cold War. Immediately after the end of the Second World War, the United States defined its foreign policy in relation to the Soviet Union, as the two countries battled for supremacy. In other words, American foreign policy was profoundly shaped by the international war which ended in 1945. This paper will therefore have a panoramic view of American foreign policy with emphasis on the instruments of the country's foreign policy and intelligence gathering. The role of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in intelligence gathering and covert activities will also be examined critically.
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This paper attempts to demonstrate the nature and functions of US intelligence operations in the contemporary world while juxtaposing their compatibility and consistency with relevant international legal frameworks. It has explored whether these operations of intelligence and counter-intelligence dynamism is being confined within the national issues of United States or time to time moving beyond opportunistically. After simultaneous and vigorous intelligence failure of 9/11 terrorist attacks and Iraq WMD intelligence failure (controversially intelligence propaganda) , the intelligence communities of United States have undergone extensive major reforms since 2005 when President George W. Bush signed the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act. But this diagnosis sheds light on the debate that in spite of being modified and revised these intelligence agencies have still remained the same prejudiced, arrogant and tyrannical institutions prioritizing national interests rather t...
Cleveland Review of Books, 2022
in this study, proposes reshaping American intelligence institutions to meet the challenges of the twenty-first century. America boasts of exactly eighteen agencies, but instead of aspiring awe or efficacy, the number should underline the limitations of the current structuring of intelligence bodies. Since each apparatus was added after a major failure, the lingering challenges remain unsurmountable, and the strategic advantage over adversaries is unmet. The challenge facing the intelligence community and America now lies less in half-hearted coordination work between diverse and specialised agencies and more in the fundamental contradiction between business and national interests. The two claims are mutually exclusive and cannot be reconciled. Unless some formula is found to harness business for the nation's benefit, the intelligence agencies' operations will stay largely dysfunctional and bypassed by tenacious adversaries.
The Ethics of National Security Intelligence Institutions
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This book explores the ethics of national security intelligence institutions operating in contemporary liberal democracies. Intelligence collection by agencies such as the CIA, MI6, and Mossad involves practices that are apparently inconsistent with the principles of ordinary morality-practices such as lying, spying, manipulation, and covert action. However, in the defence of national security, such practices may not only be morally permissible but may also under some circumstances be morally obligatory. One approach to the ethics of national security intelligence activity has been to draw from the just war tradition (so-called "just intelligence theory"). This book identifies significant limitations of this approach and offers a new, institutionally based, teleological normative framework. In doing so, it revises some familiar principles designed for application to kinetic wars, such as necessity and proportionality, and invokes some additional ones, such as reciprocity and trust. It goes on to explore the applications of this framework and a revised set of principles for national security intelligence institutions and practices in contemporary and emerging political and technological settings. This book will be of much interest to students of intelligence studies, ethics, security studies, and international relations.
The Revolution in Intelligence Affairs: 1989–2003
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National Security Intelligence and Ethics
Taylor and Francis, 2021
This volume examines the ethical issues that arise as a result of national security intelligence collection and analysis. Powerful new technologies enable the collection, communication and analysis of national security data on an unprecedented scale. Data collection now plays a central role in intelligence practice, yet this development raises a host of ethical and national security problems, such as privacy; autonomy; threats to national security and democracy by foreign states; and accountability for liberal democracies. This volume provides a comprehensive set of in-depth ethical analyses of these problems by combining contributions from both ethics scholars and intelligence practitioners. It provides the reader with a practical understanding of relevant operations, the issues that they raise and analysis of how responses to these issues can be informed by a commitment to liberal democratic values. This combination of perspectives is crucial in providing an informed appreciation of ethical challenges that is also grounded in the realities of the practice of intelligence. This book will be of great interest to all students of intelligence studies, ethics, security studies, foreign policy and international relations.
Politicized Intelligence / Wounded Democracy, Modern Diplomacy - Intelligence, July 25, 2017
The current political climate in Washington DC towards the American Intelligence Community (AIC) is perhaps at an all-time low. Not only is there a special prosecutor taking over for a fired FBI Director to investigate the President of the United States, trying to determine if the Commander-in-Chief in fact colluded with a foreign nation to undermine the sanctity of the American electoral system, that same President seems to take every opportunity he can to denigrate, call into question, and heap insults upon the AIC in its entirety.