Key issues related to modelling of internal corrosion of oil and gas pipelines – A review (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 2012
In order to control the corrosion in pipelines, it is important to understand the underlying corrosion mechanisms and prediction of it’s initiation and means of mitigation. This paper reviews the electrochemistry of corrosion, it’s kinetics and thermodynamic nature, with respect to CO2 and H2S effects in propagating corrosion in oil and gas pipeline system. The phenomenon of polarization and it’s importance in the mitigation of corrosion processes was highlighted in relation to it’s mechanisms. Several principles and models used in predicting and evaluating corrosion kinetics were reviewed emphasizing their applicability in the oil and gas pipeline system. Scale formation on metal surface plays a prominent role in the rate of corrosion propagation making the process more complex, hence the mathematical models to extract the parameters which determine the effect of scale formation were appraised
Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineeringning , 2022
This paper presents an updated review of the external corrosion and failure mechanisms of buried natural gas and oil pipelines. Various forms of external corrosion and failure mechanisms such as hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC), hydrogen embrittlement (HE), corrosion fatigue (CF), stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) for oil and gas pipelines are thoroughly reviewed. The factors influencing external corrosion and possible forms of environment-assisted cracking (EAC) of pipeline steels in the soil are also reviewed and analyzed in depth. In addition, the existing monitoring tools for the external corrosion assessment and the models for corrosion prevention and prediction, failure occurrence, and remaining life of oil and gas pipelines, are analyzed. Moreover, the articles on external corrosion management, reliability-based models, risk-based models, and integrity assessment including machine learning and fuzzy logic approaches, are also reviewed. The conclusions and recommendations for future research in the prevention and prediction of external corrosion are presented at the end.
Effect of Corrosion on Hydrocarbon Pipelines T
The demand of hydrocarbons has increased the construction of pipelines and the protection of the physical and mechanical integrity of the already existing infrastructure. Corrosion is the main reason of failures in the pipeline and it is mostly produced by acid (HCOOCH 3). In this basis, a CFD code was used, in order to study the corrosion of internal wall of hydrocarbons pipeline. In this situation, the corrosion phenomenon shows a growing deposit, which causes defect damages (welding or fabrication) at diverse positions along the pipeline. The solution of the pipeline corrosion is based on the diminution of the Naphthenic acid.
Materials
The review presented herein is regarding the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) phenomena of carbon steel pipelines affected by the corrosive electrolytes that comes from external (E) and internal (I) environments, as well as the susceptibility and tensile stress on the SCC. Some useful tools are presented including essential aspects for determining and describing the E-SCC and I-SCC in oil and gas pipelines. Therefore, this study aims to present a comprehensive and critical review of a brief experimental summary, and a comparison of physicochemical, mechanical, and electrochemical data affecting external and internal SCC in carbon steel pipelines exposed to corrosive media have been conducted. The SCC, hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC), hydrogen embrittlement, and sulfide stress cracking (SSC) are attributed to the pH, and to hydrogen becoming more corrosive by combining external and internal sources promoting cracking, such as sulfide compounds, acidic soils, acidic atmospheric compoun...
International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
In the study presented the CO2 corrosion penetration rate for crude oil transportation processes by pipeline, made of carbon steel, has been a major problem in many of oil and gas fields for years. Many parameters have been known to be effective for corrosion control especially in the pipeline transportation process, these parameters are pH, temperature, pressure and shear stress. The methods are used to determine the optimal parameters with obtaining the optimal value of CO2 corrosion penetration rate. This study is aimed to review of some of the previous studies that are deal with the problem of pipeline corrosion penetration rate that are taking place when transporting the oil and gas, to investigate the effect of the oil and gas transportation processes variables on the pipeline corrosion penetration rate, to develop a suitable mathematical modeling technique to model the effect of crude oil transportation processes variables and to determine the optimal values of the transportation processes variables. The response surface methodology (RSM) is utilized to mathematically model the corrosion penetration rate that takes place during crude oil transportation process by pipeline. More accurate techniques such as fuzzy logic ( FL) was developed using Matlab (2016) Toolbox that is used to predict corrosion penetration rate that is affected by the operation process parameters. Fuzzy logic model has reduced the errors by 0.1482mm/y, which means, using fuzzy logic model to predict the material corrosion penetration rate is sufficiently accurate. The optimal values from numerically calculated CPR using the fuzzy logic model with the formula by using Root- Sum Square (RSS), were found that CPR value is2.16 mm/y, the temperature is 44.4 ͦ C, pressure is 34.28 Pa, pH is 5.51 and shear stress is 1bar.
Analysis of internal corrosion in subsea oil pipeline
Case Studies in Engineering Failure Analysis, 2014
Failure of a subsea crude oil API 5L X52 steel pipeline which led to oil leakage has been reported to occur after 27 years in service. Some leaks were found to form at the bottom of the horizontal API 5L X52 steel pipeline near an elbow section which connected the pipeline to a riser. The present investigation aims to analyze the main cause of failure by conducting standard failure analysis methods including visual examination, chemical and mechanical characterizations, metallurgical examinations using light optical microscopy in combination with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and corrosion test using a three-electrode potential technique. Results of this investigation suggest that the cause of failure is electrochemical corrosion combined with mechanical process known as flow-induced corrosion. The failure mechanism is discussed with specific attentions are paid to fluid flow rate and chloride-containing water phase.
Characterization of Corrosion Behavior of Low Carbon Steel Oil Pipelines by Crude Oil
2016
Corrosion and erosion-corrosion in weld joints of petroleum pipelines were investigated by the studying the corrosion of carbon steel in crude oil and water extraction from oil. The experimental work tests of erosion-corrosion were done using special device which was designed according to (G 73) ASTM. The work tests were achieved using traditional weight loss technique to measure weight loss rates in (mpy) Unit, the tests above were done in pumped media and pumped media had constant pressure of 1 bar, flow rate Q = 36 L/min, temperature 25 ºC and pH = 6.56 for erosive-corrosive media. Weight loss method was used in which test specimens of carbon steel, with a known weights, were immersed in the oil for a total exposure time of 60 days and for 10 days in water. Metallographic observations and micro-hardness measurements were also performed on specimens taken from the parent metal, heat affected zone and weld metal. The obtained results clearly indicate a degradation of the mechanical properties of steel welds.
Corrosion analysis of internal surface of carbon steel natural gas piping
2013
Oil and gas industry has been contributing as a largest government income and this industry manage to control corrosion which causing wear failure in gas pipelines and potentially cause substantial human and economic losses. The objective of this study is to study the effect of H2S04 solution concentration electrolyte to corrosion behaviour of the internal surface of natural gas pipeline by using Tafel Extrapolation Method. This research starts with sample preparation where the sample from gas pipelines has taken and cut into 1 Omm x 20 mm dimension. This sample has been tested in corrosion test experiment to collecting and analysing the data gain from Tafel slope analysis, Optical Microscopy (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to perform corrosion rate and it effect on the surface morphology and microstructure. Due to the result of this study, it is point out that corrosion rate increase with high concentration of H2S04 which presence in natural gas composition. The data ca...
Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 2010
On the basis of analyzing 22 melts of high-strength steel (σ 0.2 = 428-886 MPа) of different grades 3-25 mm thick produced within countries of the European Union by thermomechanical rolling technology, the effect of chemical composition and structure on a set of mechanical properties is studied. It is shown that yield strength of high-strength steels is due to titanium, niobium, and vanadium carbonitrides. The contribution of titanium to steel strength is greater than that of niobium by a factor of three, and by a factor of 16.5 for vanadium. An increase in steel yield strength above 750 MPa leads to its inclination towards an increase in impact strength anisotropy coeffi cient K a. In the concentration range 0.001-0.08 wt.% Ti, the value of K a = 1-2 is independent of Ti content, but increases sharply to K a = 3.8 with a Ti content in steel of 0.09 to 0.14 wt.% giving rise to a requirement for limiting Ti content to not more than 0.08 wt.%. A marked effect of Ti and Al concentration on high-strength steel impact strength is established with entirely ductile failure KCV max. According to x-ray-spectral analysis data, coarse (with a size of 2.2-2.8 μm) inclusions have a complex structure. During formation, inclusions contain up to 15-17 wt.% Al, and then an outer layer forms upon them having up to 29-42 wt.% Ti.
Corrosion Rate Models for Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems: A Numerical Approach
International Journal of Engineering Research and, 2018
This Paper focuses on the use of artificial neural networks and polynomial regression to model corrosion rate responses in oil and gas pipeline. A critical analysis of operating parameters; mean PH (X1), mean Temp (X2), mean pressure (X3) and mean aqueous CO2 partial pressure (X4) was undertaken with statistical tools in matlab version 8.0. Of the 3 models applied, while artificial neural network has R-square value of 0.9655 the quadratic and linear models have R-square values of 0.9283 and 0.5010 respectively, indicating that the ANN model has the best fit for the responses. Sensitivity analysis carried out on the model showed that X2 has the highest effect in increasing corrosion rate in oil and gas pipe line. It is therefore recommended that pipeline management team must take a concerted effort in controlling the effects of temperature in oil and gas pipeline installations.