The Alarming Rise in Prevalence of Antenatal Depression in Pakistan: A Review (original) (raw)
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Antenatal depression and its predictors in Lahore, Pakistan
Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de santé de la Méditerranée orientale = al-Majallah al-ṣiḥḥīyah li-sharq al-mutawassiṭ, 2013
Mental health is an important but neglected component of reproductive health. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for antenatal depression among women attending for antenatal care at an urban tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. In a cross-sectional study, structured questionnaires were filled and screening for depression was done using the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS). Out of 506 antenatal attendees 126 (24.9%) had no depression (EPDS scores<10), 53 (10.5%) scored 10-12 and 327 (64.6%) had EPDS scores>12. Depression scores (>or=10) were more common in mothers aged<20 years (93.7%) than those aged>35 years (55.0%). Fear of childbirth and separation from husband were identified as significant risk factors for development of antenatal depression, while family history of psychiatric illness was significant protective factor. Domestic violence, drug abuse, lack of support, previous miscarriage and personal history of previou...
Journal of Saidu Medical College Swat, 2021
Background: Psychological health problems like anxiety and depression during pregnancy are very common, and have negative impact on women, neonatal and postnatal health. Sometimes the depression and anxiety lead to serious complications during pregnancy and postnatal period. Objective: To determine prevalence of depression in pregnant women and risk factors. Material and Methods: Study was conducted in the department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal General Hospital, Islamabad from January to June 2017. Total number of 213 pregnant females were recruited on random basis and interviewed by using Edinberg Postnatal Depression Scale to determine depression during pregnancy. Results of the interview were analyzed by using of SPSS v.20. Results: Findings reveal that majority of the patients (64%) were found depress according to scale scoring. It was also found that the level of depression was higher among young aged fragment (93.65%) and require immediate counselling. Conclusion: The results indicate that the women in younger age group, seems to be more depressed as compared with elder age group. The education level and exposures of pregnancy circumstances reduce the level of depression among pregnant women.
Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 2010
Introduction: To determine the frequency of probable antenatal depression (AD) in pregnant women in third trimester, assess the risk factors and its impact on obstetric and neonatal outcomes in a developing country. Methods: A prospective study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Lahore from March 2007 to July 2007. Two hundred and thirteen pregnant women in the third trimester, attending the Gynecology Outpatient Clinic were recruited. They were assessed by a semistructured questionnaire to gather demographic details and various risk factors for AD. AD was assessed by Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. All women were followed until delivery to determine their obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Results: Out of 213 women, 91 (42.7%) scored above the cut-off for AD. More women with depression reported problems in their marriage, problems with parents/in laws, history of domestic violence, past history of psychiatric problems and history of postnatal depression. In the obstetric risk factors history of previous miscarriages, stillbirths, and complications in previous pregnancy reached statistical significance. Thirty-seven (17.3%) women were lost to follow up. Women with AD had more obstetric complications during delivery. Babies of mothers with AD had significantly low birth weight, as well as low mean APGAR scores at 1 and 5 minutes following birth. Discussion: AD is a common problem in Pakistani Society. In view of the risk factors and adverse outcomes associated with depression during pregnancy, there is need for close liaison between Gynaecologists and Psychiatrists in managing these patients.
Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences
Objective: Pregnancy and depression affect each other. The main objective of our study was to find out frequency of antenatal depression during last trimester and associated risk factors among pregnant female visiting a tertiary care private institution of Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: This study was conducted at Shalamar Hospital a private tertiary care institution of Lahore during May 2017 to June 2018. Assuming 18% prevalence with design effect 1.5 and 97% confidence interval the calculated sample size was 417. To avoid dropouts the questionnaire was administered to 450 pregnant females in their last trimester that is with gestational age above 28 weeks. In this study we used a modified version of Goldberg’s depression scale in Urdu language for data collection. Wherever needed the data collection team read out aloud the questionnaire to the participants who did not know how to read and write. Informed consent in a written form (in Urdu language) was taken from every study participa...
Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of perinatal depression: a cohort study from urban Pakistan
Archives of women's …, 2011
Depression around childbirth is common in low income countries. The aim of this study was to examine the factors associated with persistence of depression from the antenatal to the postnatal period in urban Pakistan. A total of 1,357 pregnant women in their third trimester attending the antenatal clinic were included in the study. From these, 763 mothers who delivered at the study maternity home were reassessed after 3 months of childbirth. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was administered to measure depression in both the antenatal and the postnatal periods. Psychological distress, disability and life events experienced by mothers were also measured by using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), Brief Disability Questionnaire (BDQ), and Life Events Checklist, respectively. We found 25.8% prevalence rate of antenatal depression and 38.3% persistent depression in a private clinic. Persistently depressed mothers had significantly high psychological distress, more disability, and experienced more stressful life events than the resolved group. Our findings confirm the high rates of depression during pregnancy but we found low rates of persistent depression in this urban population as compared to the previous report. There is a need for further investigation of factors associated with persistent depression in order to develop appropriate interventions.
Epidemiology of Postpartum Depression in Pakistan: A Review of Literature
Review Article, 2017
Objective: This literature review aims to explore the risk factors, preventive measures and treatment options for women with postpartum depression especially in Pakistan. Introduction: Postpartum depression affects 12.5% women on average and is one of the most common complications of pregnancy. Among Asian countries, Pakistan has the highest prevalence rate that is 28%-63%. The consequences of PPD go beyond the mother and affect the partner and the child as well and can even lead to infanticide and maternal death, often by suicide. Besides, not all women are assessed for PPD or receive its treatment despite of several treatment options available.
Prevalence of antenatal depression: comparison between Pakistani and Canadian women
JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2011
To study the prevalence and correlates of depression in pregnant women of different cultures. We used a score of 13 or greater on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) to indicate depression status and logistic regression to determine its correlates in pregnant women from Northern Pakistan (n=128), Caucasian (n=128) and Aboriginal (n=128) women from Saskatchewan, Canada. A higher proportion of Pakistani women (48.4%) had depression compared to their Aboriginal (31.2%) and Caucasian (8.6%) counterparts. Depression was associated with poor physical health in all women; however, there were unique correlates of antenatal depression in each group: physical abuse in Pakistani women (AOR=4.40:95% CI, 1.15-16.85), sexual abuse in Aboriginal women (AOR=3.02:95% CI, 1.09-8.40), and low income in Caucasian women (AOR=5.74:95% CI, 1.04-31.78). Depression is a substantial public health problem among pregnant women, with women in Pakistan having a much higher burden of antenatal depress...
Prevalence of Postpartum Depression and its Risk Factors among Pakistani Females
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2023
Objective: To determine the prevalence of postpartum depression and its risk factors among Pakistani mothers. Methodology: This Cross-sectional study was conducted after ethical approval on a sample of 200 females of reproductive age (20-45years). Participants were selected through convenient random sampling on the basis of predefined eligibility criteria. Data were collected from primary and secondary healthcare facilities of district Sialkot using the Edinburg postnatal depression screening tool. Results: The mean age ±Std Dev of the participants was 28.09±5.346 years ranging from 20 to 45. The mean ±SD of the total score EPDS was found to be 3.53±5.72 with 87.50% of participants with scores below 13. Out of 200, 25(12.50%) females were candidates for postpartum depression. Conclusion: Postpartum depression screening helps recognition of the disorder. Postpartum depression among females of the target population is not negligible.
Analysis of Stress and Depression During Pregnancy in Pakistan
2020
Introduction: Pregnancy and the postpartum can be times of joy and positive expectations but also of stress and difficulties. Aims and objectives: The main objective of the study is to analyse the stress and depression during pregnancy in Pakistan. Material and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in PIC during March 2019 to December 2019. This study was done with the permission of ethical committee of hospital. Data were collected from 100 pregnant female patients. Results: The data was collected from 100 female patients. The mean maternal age of study and control groups were 28.4±5.5 and 29.4±5.7 years, respectively. Median gestational age of study participants was 11.1±2.1 weeks and 10.9±2.2 weeks for controls. No statistically significant difference was observed between the study and control groups. If the diagnosis of NVP or HG is made, but there is poor response to initial interventions, an atypical presentation, or initial presentation after 9-10 weeks, other causes must be explored. If there is fever, a source of infection should be sought or if the history suggests a CNS abnormality, check for signs of raised intracranial pressure. Conclusion: It is concluded that pregnancy is a time of increased vulnerability for the development of anxiety and mood disorders. Some women may experience their first depressive episode during pregnancy, while others are at risk of recurrence due to a previous history of depression and anxiety.