David Motadel (ed): Islam and the European Empires.pdf (original) (raw)
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The academic theme of Islam and colonialism is controversial, vast and inexhaustive. With colonialism almost all over the Muslim world from the mid 19 th Century and the diverse impacts and implications it has on the colonized countries, it is understandable if views differ and diverge. In Africa, Central and Southeast Asia as in most neocolonial countries of the world, colonial legacies still replete as they endured to the contemporary times. The study of Islam and colonialism in Northern Nigeria is expectedly so partly because of the nature and substance of the British rule between 1897, when Ilorin emirate was conquered and 1960, when the then colonially formed Nigeria got her independence. Northern Nigeria is diverse though dynamic and colorful in terms of its people, culture and socio-material setting. As such, Muhammad S. Umar's narrowing the research to the intellectual responses of the Northern Nigeria Muslims to British colonial rule is a brilliant decision. This is not to say that such a task is a simple one. The outcome of this research engagement is largely a success.
Syllabus - Empires, Imperialism and Islam (Spring 2018)
This seminar will survey interactions between empires and Islam from the early nineteenth century to the early twenty-first century. It will consider the varied responses of Islamic polities to the expansion of European empires, their role in proliferating networks of travel and communication, as well as the place of religion in anti-imperial and anti-colonial movements. Geographically, we will cover Asia very broadly defined: from the Ottoman Empire in the west, through the Middle East, Central and South Asia, to Indonesia and Japan to the east. Individual classes will focus, for instance, on imperial connections, the emergence of pan-Islamism, sufi networks, oceanic travel, subaltern social and political movements, and Cold War era Muslim ideologues. The course will conclude with a look at the rise of more militant Islamic ideologies in recent years. Investigating this two-century long history will help us understand the complex role that Islam has played in the making of the modern world. Course readings will be on the whole recent scholarship on these subjects, with key primary texts introduced in class.
Islam colonisation and politics
Islam colonisation and politics, 2022
The french colonial penetration French colonial penetration in Morocco followed a «skillfully» strategy. Knowledge was put at the service of the ideology of the colonizer through studies, supported by field visits made to the different regions of Morocco. The Scientific Mission in Morocco, located in Tangier since the beginning of the 20th century, was the legal framework for these investigations. From the basis of these studies, which I will describe as geo-political-anthropological, we can consider that the Marechal Lyautey was the first to shape modern Morocco by setting up structures of domination based on the instrumentalization of Islam for political purposes. He was deeply inspired by the work on ''the despotism of ignorance at the expense of science and the subjectivity instead of the reason'' written by Abd al-Rahmân ibn Ahmad al-Kawakibi.
LIBRI: Kitap Tanıtımı, Eleştiri ve Çeviri Dergisi Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations, 2019
Critical Review of some factual errors, geographical and historical in this book by Ed Husain, and the matter of the phrase, "the sick man of Europe," employed in this, and in a wide range of historical works, - when and by whom, and in reference to where, was this term first employed - and its subsequent 19th century and modern usage. This is a much misused quotation, that has been frequently and incorrectly attributed to Czar Nicolas I. of Russia amongst others.
Part III. Europe and the Muslim World in the Contemporary Period
A History, 2012
The notion of "Europe" clearly existed in the eighteenth century. The term designated a cultural space and a political system, a balance of powers. Following on the terrible cycle of religious wars that ended with the Thirty Years' War, the European crisis of conscience restored the idea of a cultural unity transcending the cleavages among states, each with a single and official religion. The publishing industry, supplanting handwritten letters, created a space for books and newspapers: this was the European space proper, though it expanded to North and South America and to Europe's African and Asian trading posts. The printed word was closely associated with all things European, while the rest of the world was still the realm of the handwritten. The growth of literacy was a tangible reality, though it still affected only fractions of variable size of the populations concerned. Only Japan, having retreated to a voluntary isolation, had literacy rates comparable to those of Europe. Russia, despite questions about its true nature, was already part of Europe, because it had entered the world of the printed word. Its literacy rate was lower than in other places, however, and it was the first to come up with the innovation of remedial instruction. The printed word had been the driving force of European exceptionalism since the late fifteenth century. Behind the appearance of a motionless history, a vast store of knowledge and technologies came to be constituted, giving rise to new modes of organization. The first beneficiary was the European state, whose chief activity was to wage war, which required not only new weapons, new disciplines, and new expertise but also new modes of financing and taxation, that is, new modes of social organization over the medium term. Even in the early eighteenth century, the three great Muslim empires, the Ottoman, the Persian, and the Mogul of India, still seemed to be acting as a counterweight to the European powers and to be keeping them within their borders, as in the previous two centuries. The European discourse on Asian Brought to you by | University of Michigan Authenticated Download Date | 9/8/15 6:19 PM 260 • Chapter 11 despotism was merely a translation of the deterrence effect of the great Muslim powers, and it exaggerated the organizational capacities and wealth of those powers. These gunpowder empires did not allow themselves to be outpaced during the great armaments revolution of the sixteenth century, and, though the Indian Ocean became a new space for exchanges and conflict, the Europeans were able to establish themselves there only on islands or in continental trading posts. From the Gulf of Bengal to the Mediterranean, the firearms were of the same nature as those in Europe (muskets and cannons) and were manufactured under the same system of small-scale production. And yet, even before the true beginning of the industrial revolution, a power shift occurred, in seamanship in the first place, the sector where European technology and science were most advanced. That sector benefited from investments both by the state and by the commercial middle class. For the first time, the outlines of a true research and development strategy existed, with basic and theoretical science becoming a source for practical applications. The impetus came from ever more active transatlantic commerce and long-distance journeys to the Indian Ocean and already to the Pacific. The same was true for overland military arts: the eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of "smart weapons" and the first engineers, even as physical training found its fullest expression in Prussian discipline. By the mid-eighteenth century, the military and maritime branches of European societies, without undergoing any major technological changes-which did not have an impact until after 1840-but thanks to a continuous series of modifications and improvements and the establishment of new disciplinary practices, far outshone the armed forces in other societies. The most glaring example was the Indian subcontinent, where, following the collapse from within of the sultanate of Delhi, the successor states appealed to European mercenaries to serve as officers in their armies, while the rival French and English companies in the Indies raised native armies. It all played out during the Seven Years' War: on June 23, 1756, an army of three thousand men, two-thirds of them sepoys (indigenous soldiers), defeated an army of several tens of thousands belonging to the Nawab of Bengal. That episode in the Franco-English struggle, meant to guarantee security and freedom of action for the British trading post of Calcutta, was the beginning of territorial conquest. By 1764, the East India Company controlled Bengal as a whole, perhaps 40 million inhabitants, that is, four times the total population of Great Britain. Within a few years, it would seize the entire subcontinent. At the other end of the continental Islamic world, the Ottoman Empire, the traditional rear ally of France, launched a catastrophic war against Russia in 1768, to prevent the first partitioning of Poland. The defense line was breached, and a Russian fleet from the Baltic entered the Mediterranean and destroyed the Ottoman Mediterranean fleet near Chios on July 6, 1770. Finally, Russian troops occupied the Ottomans' Muslim vassal state, the Tatar khanate of Crimea. The Russians' financial difficulties and Pugachev's rebellion saved
Colonial and Post-Colonial Governance of Islam: Continuities and Ruptures
2011
This comprehensive collection examines a broad spectrum of Islamic governance during colonial and postcolonial eras. The book pays special attention to the ongoing battles over the codification of Islamic education, religious authority, law and practice while outlining the similarities and differences in British, French and Portuguese colonial rule in Islamic regions. Using a shared conceptual framework the contributors to this volume analyze the nature of regulation in different historical periods and geographical areas. From Africa and the ...