Natural occurrence of Fusarium species, fumonisin production by toxigenic strains, and concentrations of fumonisins B1, and B2 in conventional and organic maize grown in Spain (original) (raw)
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Toxins
Fumonisins are mycotoxins (MTs) produced mainly by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, the main pathogens of maize which cause ear rot. The aim of this work was to evaluate some factors that may lead to high fumonisin production by F. verticillioides in maize grains, correlating the pathogen inoculation method with different genotypes grown in four Brazilian states. Experiments were conducted in 2015–2016 in maize crops from experimental maize fields located in four distinct states of Brazil. Results showed that contamination by fumonisin mycotoxins occurred even on symptomatic or asymptomatic grains. In all municipalities, the samples showed levels of fumonisin B1 that were higher than would be tolerable for the human consumption of corn products (the current tolerance limit for fumonisin is 1.5 μg g−1). High severity of grains infected with F. verticillioides does not always show high concentrations of fumonisins. Environments with higher temperatures may influence the production...
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2012
BACKGROUND: Fusarium species are common fungal contaminants of maize and a number of them can produce mycotoxin fumonisins. China is one of the largest maize producers in the world. This study investigated the contamination of maize samples from three areas in eastern China by Fusarium and fumonisin-producing fungi as well as their fumonisin-producing potential. RESULTS: A total of 22 Fusarium strains were isolated, 19 of which were able to produce fumonisin. Among the 19 strains, 16 belonged to F. verticillioides, two to F. subglutinans and one to F. proliferatum. The majority (17/19) of the fumonisin-forming strains were high FB 1 producers, which is a potential health risk for the population in these areas. Fusarium contamination in samples from the mideastern area was the most serious (11 Fusarium strains, with nine producing fumonisin, isolated from 24 samples), followed by the northeastern area (nine Fusarium strains, with all nine producing fumonisin, isolated from 21 samples) and the southeastern area (two Fusarium strains, with one producing fumonisin, isolated from 19 samples). CONCLUSION: Although the overall levels of FBs and contamination by fumonisin-producing fungi in corn samples were not serious, the contaminating Fusarium strains possessed fairly strong toxicogenic ability and potential risk for food safety.
1987
Many species of Fusarium are commonly associated wi th cereal s, particularly maize, but in New Zeal and , little is known of their significance as mycotoxin producers. These studies have examined the prevalence of fusari a and other fungi in maize and maize fi elds and have investi gated the presence and sources of some major Fusarium toxi ns in maize. Fung i in maize , husk , litter and soi l from maize fi el ds and in grain at harvest and in storage were assayed. The distribution of fungi was found to be uneven wi thin maize, husk and litter substrates wi thin a fi eld but in soi l was more homogeneous. Sampl ing techn iques were therefore developed to ensure representat ive subsamples were obtained from each source. Simi larly isol ation proc edures were chosen to ensure adequate recovery of fungi. Di lution and direct pla tings were used to prov ide informat ion on total populations and on fungi actual ly invading ker nel s, wi th two media, PDA-D and peNB. The med ium used showed no signi ficant influence on either viable counts or kernel contamination rates nor on the number of different Fus ari um spp recovered on the two media, but PDA-D supported a greater overal l variety of fungi. The numbers of genera and of Fusari um spp recorded by direct plating were significantly higher than wi th di lution pl ating. The total popul ation and the number of different genera and of Fusarium spp were compared for the four "field" substrates. A total of 25 genera was i sol ated , most bei ng recovered from soi 1 and 1 i tter. Fus arium was present in al l samples. Acremonium, Cladosporium, Penici llium and Mucor occurred regularly. The four substrates gave up to ten different Fusari um spp, F. gr ami nearum , F. culmorum and F. acumi natum being the most frequent. Husk and litter samples gave the highest viable counts for both total fungi and Fusarium spp. Field sample s of maize kernel s showed 13 genera and ten Fusari um spp. At harvest time total genera increased to 17 but Fusarium spp remai ned constant. Wh ile the total genera remained constant at 17 in stored sampl es, the number of Fusarium spp dropped to three, only � i i chromatography 1.5.2.3. Gas chromatographic and assoc i ated techniques 1.5.2.4. Multi-mycotoxin assay 1.5.2.5. Biological detection methods vi i TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) CHAPTER 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. MYCOLOGI CAL TECHNIQUES 2.1.1. Principal Med ia 2.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2005
Fumonisins are mycotoxins (MTs) produced mainly by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, the main pathogens of maize which cause ear rot. The aim of this work was to evaluate some factors that may lead to high fumonisin production by F. verticillioides in maize grains, correlating the pathogen inoculation method with different genotypes grown in four Brazilian states. Experiments were conducted in 2015-2016 in maize crops from experimental maize fields located in four distinct states of Brazil. Results showed that contamination by fumonisin mycotoxins occurred even on symptomatic or asymptomatic grains. In all municipalities, the samples showed levels of fumonisin B1 that were higher than would be tolerable for the human consumption of corn products (the current tolerance limit for fumonisin is 1.5 µg g −1). High severity of grains infected with F. verticillioides does not always show high concentrations of fumonisins. Environments with higher temperatures may influence the production of high concentrations of fumonisin in maize hybrids. Spray inoculation methods and inoculation at the center of spikes did not influence fumonisin concentrations. Results showed that the hybrids P3630H, P32R48 and P3250 presented higher disease severity, as well as higher mycotoxin levels in the studied locations with higher temperatures.
Fusarium verticillioides and its fumonisin production potential in maize meal
Revista Brasileira de Ciências Agrárias - Brazilian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2015
This study aimed to identify the presence of fungi of the genus Fusarium and to evaluate the presence of contamination of fumonisin in maize meal destined to human consumption in the city of Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. It was used 30 samples of maize meal of six different brands sold in supermarkets. Mycological evaluation was carried out immediately. Then aliquots were stored at-4 °C for later analysis of fumonisins. It was obtained 34 isolates from Fusarium verticilloides. These isolates had the ability to produce fumonisins B1, B2 and B3, with values ranging from 48.2 to 1190.1 µg g-1 for B1; from 6.7 to 311.5 µg g-1 for B2; and from 23 to 667 µg g-1 for B3. The fumonisin concentrations for isolates ranged from 84.3 to 2168.6 µg g-1. All the samples presented fumonisins with values ranging from 0.10 to 2.13 µg g-1. Isolates from strains of F. verticillioides were obtained in the maize meal samples, and the lots examined had different levels of fumonisins, which may represent risks to consumers.
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2010
Fumonisins are a group of fungal toxins, occurring worldwide in maize infected mainly by Fusarium verticillioides. This paper describes the level of fumonisins in maize seed samples and the ability of F. verticillioides strains isolated from maize seeds grown in India to produce fumonisins. Forty-three seed samples intended to be used for consumption were collected from different regions of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The samples were subjected to the agar plate method for the detection of F. verticillioides. Identification of F. verticillioides was done based on morphological characters and further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. The majority of the samples were infected by F. verticillioides and infection percentage in the individual samples ranged from 5 to 51%. Twenty-three out of 35 (65%) strains were positive for fumonisin production in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and competitive directenzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (CD-ELISA). Fumonisin level in seed samples ranged from 200 to 1,722 lg/g using CD-ELISA. HPLC could differentiate FB1 and FB2 toxins; out of 35 strains, 14 (40%) showed both FB1 and FB2 production. These findings indicate that there may be a risk of human exposure to fumonisins through the consumption of F. verticillioides infected cornbased foods in India.
Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, 2011
Fusarium verticillioides is one of the most prevalent Fusarium species on maize and sorghum, causing Fusarium ear rot and sorghum grain mold in warm and humid regions of Iran. The pathogen produces potent mycotoxins known as fumonisins. In order to determine mycotoxin (fumonisins) production on different maize and sorghum genotypes, a field trial was carried out based on a randomized complete block design with 10 treatments and three replications for each crop at Gorgan station in 2010. The ears of corn plants were inoculated by spore suspension of the mixture of some virulent F. verticillioides isolates using an ear inoculation method (Nail Punch). The sorghum panicles were also inoculated by spraying of spore suspension isolates at flowering stage. All infected kernels were evaluated by ELISA kits (AgraQuant Fumonisin Kit; Romer Labs, Austria) for their total fumonisins production at the physiological maturing stage. All genotypes showed statistically significant difference in their fumonisin production in Gorgan. The results of fumonisins analysis obtained from ELI-SA test showed that lines 1 (Resistant) and 3 (Susceptible) with 2.4 ppm and 13.7 ppm had the least and highest amount of total fumonisins respectively among all maize genotypes. Also among all sorghum genotypes, genotypes 10 and 6 with 0.2 ppm and 4.8 ppm had the least and the highest amount of total fumonisins respectively. The results of this experiment demonstrated that fumonisin production level in maize kernels (maybe as maize kernels are the main host of this fungus) was significantly higher than sorghum kernels in Gorgan region.
Fusarium and Fumonisin Occurrence in Argentinian Corn at Different Ear Maturity Stages
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1996
in corn at the field stage to harvest time has been investigated. Corn samples were obtained from the 45th day after flowering to harvest stage, with 15 day intervals. A good correlation between fungal species and fumonisin contamination was observed. In particular, fumonisin contamination was higher in samples with fungal infection represented mainly by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum, two well-known producers of fumonisins. Low levels of fumonisins were detected at the first and second samplings, when mainly Fusarium subglutinans, a fumonisin nonproducer species, was recorded. The three samplings after physiological maturity showed predominant F. moniliforme and F. proliferatum infection and a considerable contamination with fumonisins. In these samples the levels of FB 1 averaged above 1 µg/g and FB 2 and FB 3 levels showed similar values but lower than FB 1 values. This is the first report of fumonisins in Argentinian corn at field stages.