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Globalization – An Old or a New Phenomenon?
The Scale of Globalization: Think Globally, Act Locally, Change Individually in the 21st Century, 2011
This work presents globalization as a historical process. We analyze and present some pieces of work of authors writing about globalization. This work is based on qualification of J. A. Scholte. We divide these authors to different groups according to period, when their works were written. The first group consists of authors who consider globalization as a historical process and this group is divided into two subgroups: authors who talk about globalization as an historical and linear process and authors who see globalization as an historical and cyclical process. The second group consists of authors who claimed that globalization is a process arising in the present. On the basis of this classification we present historical aspects of globalization which, in our opinion, appeared on the different levels in the human past, e.g. in integration processes, in politics, in economics, in society etc. in the antiquity, in the Middle Ages and in the modern times. In this paper we analyzeseveral cases of globalization based on selected indicators. We attempt to determine whether this phenomenon can be characterized as new, old or cyclically repeating. We conclude that aspects of globalization which are characteristic for globalization in the present, appeared in remote past and they repeat in human history cyclically. Key words: globalization, cyclical phenomenon, new phenomenon, linear phenomenon.
Globalization and its political, economic and cultural impacts on modern nation-state
From being an economic strategy to being the buzz word of the time, Globalization has grown and emerged in a speed almost as that of a social trend. But as ironic as it may sound, the term is more often than not associated with a diverse array of things making it an extremely contested concept, and essentially so. Academicians perceive globalization in various different ways depicting it as an ideology, a condition, a system of processes, a policy, a market strategy, a predicament and even an age or an era. With such diverse lenses breeds diverse nomenclature and hence, those referring to it as a social condition term it as 'globality', characterized by the existence of global economic, political, cultural and environmental interconnections and flows that make many of the existing territorial boundaries seem futile. Sticking strictly with the etymology of globalization brings forth the idea of it being a set of social processes that are thought to transform the prevailing societal condition into one of globality. Globalization, then, almost explicitly suggests some sort of dynamism best captured by the notion of development or unfolding along discernible patterns. Yet another term is 'Globalism' opted by those who view the concept as that of an ideology of globalization going by the age-old tradition of employing-ism suffix to signify the theories, values and assumptions working behind driving the process. Hence, scholars exploring the dynamics of globalization have rightly come up with characterizing it as a complex, multidimensional and multifaceted concept which, at any cost, cannot be boiled down to a single-simple phenomenon or theme. As Andrew Heywood rightly puts it-"the problem with globalization is that it is not so much an 'it' as a 'them': it is not a single process but a complex of processes, sometimes overlapping and interlocking but also, at times, contradictory and oppositional ones." Perhaps the best way one can try unraveling the complexity, then, is to look at how these scholars have defined globalization in their own ways and consequently work out some attributes that appear persistently even when viewed through varied lenses. "Globalization can thus be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa." ~ Anthony Giddens, "The concept of globalization reflects the sense of an immense enlargement of world communication, as well as of the horizon of a world market, both of which seem far more tangible and immediate than in earlier stages of modernity." ~ Fredric Jameson
The article outlines the analytics and criteria that inform periodizing globalization. It criticizes presentist and Eurocentric views on globalization, the contemporary view, the modernity view (1800 plus) or the capitalism view (1500 plus). It discusses approaches to world history and how globalization fits in. Understandings of globalization, such as multicentric and centrist perspectives, and units of analysis affect how timelines of globalization are established. Taking into account global history going back to the Bronze Age and oriental globalization, these require inserting the Greco-Roman world as part of globalization history. It concludes by outlining phases of globalization in the (very) longue durée.
Globalization: Ancient and Modern
Intercollegiate Review, 2006
Beginning with the refreshing observation of the sheer ugliness of the word "globalization" ("an adjective, converted into a barbaric verb, then forced into service as a still more barbaric noun"), Hochschild observes that this misbegotten word labels a poorly defined concept. Despite its vagueness, it "suggests a trend toward increased economic and political interdependence, which at once fosters and is fostered by cultural homogenization." Hochschild goes on to examine the effects of this trend on local communities and insists that any effort to evaluate globalization requires a return to a "political teleology," reflection on the ends of politics given the ends of human being. [Abstract credit: from Mars Hill audio reprint]
The story of Globalization; where do we stand
The term globalization has become almost a cliché in the present day world with its recurring presence in many contexts. It is referred to and discussed extensively in scholarly work as well as in political discourses and mass media. One may hear reference is frequently made to phrases such as ‘the impact of globalization’ or ‘the disadvantages of globalization’ in the said contexts, and may or may not give much thought to them. However, the frequent use of the term definitely gives one a broad idea as to how globalization has become a phenomenon that merits a deeper understanding and a careful study.
In this article we analyze processes and scales of global integration in historical perspective, starting with the Agrarian Revolution. We connect the main phases of historical globalization with the processes of the development of the Afroeurasian world-system. In the framework of the Afroeurasian world-system the integration began several millennia BCE. In it the continental and supracontinental links became so developed long before the Great Geographic Discoveries and thus they could well be denoted as global (albeit in a somehow limited sense). Among some researchers there is still a tendency to underestimate the scale of those links in the pre-Industrial era; thus, it appeared necessary to provide additional empirical support for our statement. It also turned necessary to apply a special methodology (which necessitated the use of the world-system approach). We analyze some versions of periodization of globalization history. We also propose our own periodization of the globalization history basing on the growth of the scale of intersocietal links as an indicator of the level of globalization development. On Goals and Tasks of the Article In the framework of this article we attempt to solve the following tasks: 1) to demonstrate that it was already a few thousand years ago (at least since the formation of the system of long-distance large-scale trade in metals in the 4 th millennium BCE) when the scale of systematic trade relationships overgrew signifi cantly the local level and became regional (and even transcontinental in a certain sense); 2) to show that already in the late 1 st millennium BCE the scale of processes and links within the Afroeurasian world-system did not only exceed the regional level, it did not only reach the continental level, but it also went beyond continental limits. That is why we contend that within this system marginal systemic contacts between agents of various levels (from societies to individuals) may be defi ned as transcontinental (note that here we are dealing not with overland contacts only, as since the late 1 st millennium BCE in some cases we confront oceanic contacts – the most salient case is represented here by the Indian Ocean communication network;
Globalization @BULLET @BULLET @BULLET @BULLET
The term Globalization (or globalisation) refers to processes of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. [1][2] Advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the telegraph and its posterity theInternet, are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities. [3] Though several scholars place the origins of globalization in modern times, others trace its history long before the European age of discovery and voyages to the New World. Some even trace the origins to the third millennium BCE. [4][5]
CURRENT AND HISTORICAL DETERMINANTS OF GLOBALIZATION PROCESSES
International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences, 2018
This article attempts to compare the processes of modern economic globalization with analogous processes that have taken place in the past. The socio-economic, political and business changes taking place in the global dimension since the middle of the last century have contributed to a significant modification of the contemporary dominant market structures and models of financial systems. The main determinants of modern globalization pro-cesses include the third technological revolution that took place in the second half of the twentieth century and mainly concerned the multifaceted development of information technology and the implementation of information technologies for many different industries and also other spheres of human life. The processes of globalization in a more distant past were somewhat different in nature, when other factors of production prevailed in the production of goods, and economics was not yet a separate science.