The consumption of tourism under postmodernity or liquid modernity (original) (raw)
This paper aims to elucidate the historical-sociological meanings of mass tourism as a "historical individual" which, from the 1960s to the 1990s, the early tourism studies captured. Mass tourism can be considered the reality of tourism that tourism studies, as it were, cut out those days. Such mass tourism was created by advanced modernization. Since then, advanced modernization has covered the world and increased economic affluence in some areas, but at the same time it has created unsustainability issues such as global economic disparities and environmental destruction. The problems of projecting these unsustainability issues has been caused by mass tourism, a product of advanced modernization, in local communities of tourist destinations. Tourism studies clarified the historical-sociological meanings of such mass tourism, and at the same time explored and practiced sustainable tourism to deal with the problems of mass tourism. The idea of sustainable development has been advocated to solve the unsustainability problems arising from advanced modernization, but its practice has not been effective. Sustainable tourism, on the other hand, has partially achieved the sustainability of tourism and local communities. As a prerequisite for implementing sustainable tourism supported by tourism studies, it is significant to clarify the historical-sociological meanings of mass tourism. This paper also refers to the possibility that sustainable tourism practices can be a clue to solve the unsustainability problem. 2) what historical-sociological meanings does mass tourism acquire? The reality of tourism that emerged after the early 1960s continues to have diverse and enormous impacts on the world until now (2021) while changing its mode. In this way, tourism as a social phenomenon with unique historical and sociological meanings constrained by the times is called "contemporary tourism" in this paper. The contemporary Tourism Promotion Research, 2022, 2 (3) : 1-18 tourism is an epoch-making social phenomenon as a "historical individual" as described later. The contemporary tourism emerged in the form of "mass tourism [MT]" in the 1960s, but as described later (3.2), it has transformed into the form of "Alternative Tourism [AT]" since the later 1980s. Tourism studies have been closely involved in this transformation of tourism forms. In the following, this paper clarifies how tourism studies grasped the reality of MT and, as a result, how it conceived the idea of AT. In addition, this paper clarifies how the reality of MT relates to the advanced modern world that emerged after World War II, and what kind of historical and sociological meanings it has.
Debate on tourism in postmodernism and beyond
Turisticko poslovanje, 2014
The nexus between globalization and tourism has been established whereas postmodernism imprints features on the current and future society. Seen as a result of revolutions (technological, behavioural, philosophical, economic) in society and civilizations, postmodernism can be perceived as an adjustment to new conditions involving changes in all fields, ultimately triggering changes in the vision of current civilization, individual's mentality, perception and behaviour, management of resources, adaptation to environmental alterations and, last but not least, converting tourism from an economic activity into a social and leisure lifestyle, from a complementary necessity into a basic need associated with the right of free movement. We therefore addressed forms and types of tourism and their placement on the new trend in accordance with the change in mentality, perception, behaviour, taste, needs and expectations of providers and consumers. Since niche tourism has already developed by expressing the multiple perspectives of postmodernism, the aim of our paper is to explore the many possibilities to develop niche tourism and prove that it is indeed the future of tourism in postmodern times as supple structure particularized on narrow touristoriented markets, focusing on the identity, authenticity and uniqueness of place, experiential and active-participative tourism products. Our analysis also results in stating several ground features for the future wellbeing of niche tourism. Identity and not the extravagance prevails and going back to simple is encouraged. However, if we dare to look beyond postmodernism the concluding remarks highlight the prevalence of inherence than conspicuousness in tourism practice given the continuous movement of population (migration, travelling for work) in contrast with the obvious monopoly of digitalization and technology that transform a large share of consumers from active travellers to passive virtual tourists. Thus we advocate for the emergence of a new tourism, nootourism that would in the end become the bridge to nontourism.
New trends in tourism? From globalization to postmodernism
2016
Tourism, as any other massive phenomenon has suffered a deep change tightly linked to social change, where internet and social media are playing an important role. Tourism has changed both in form and contents. While in the past tourism was some kind of elitist activity (high cost and culture) nowadays it has become a mass tourism/entertainment (low cost and culture) that, though fragmented, is presenting new trends within the tourism/travel industry and leisure activity all over the world where Europe is not an exception. From a quantitative perspective, an overview of the international new and traditional tourism trends are presented in this article. This new tourism is turning into a new social phenomenon in complete transformation, where outbound travel market is offering new possibilities for emergent countries, and where new forms of tourism are appearing, supported by a flourishing tourism/travel industry. From the qualitative point of view, this paper brings into considerati...
At the end of the 20 th century in the most developed countries economy and society went through profound transformation. The emerging post-industrial society can be characterised by the dominance of service industry, more leisure time of the population, higher disposable income and more conscious consumers. These conscious consumers are more and more quality orientated and reject undifferentiated mass products. New customers of tourism and hospitality industry are not only more affluent -so less price conscious -and more quality orientated but they are also seeking activity, participation, fantasy, and experience. These new types of tourists are interested rather in aesthetic aspects of life and are seeking highly differentiated, personalised experience. In the following article the authors, professors of the French ESSCA business school overview theoretical aspects of new, post-Fordist tourism demand and present examples of the new tourism and hospitality products having emerged in the developed countries during the last years.
Postmodern Society and Tourism
J. of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 2015
The purpose of this paper is to indicate that in today's circumstances of time and space compression, diversification of the tourism product, and diversity and multiplicity of tourist experiences, it is necessary to move away from the traditional typologically rigid and narrow theoretical framework towards more flexible conceptualisations. The paper brings a theoretical overview of theorists who have been meritorious for such a shift of opinion and associated with the emergence of the postmodern thought in the contemporary tourism theory. The abandonment of tourist typologies, the shift of attention towards the existential authenticity, and the admittance that tourism is a multisensory and physical experience bear witness to the recent theoretical shift in the study of the tourist experience which stresses the importance of the individual and his/her role in the tourist industry. New forms of tourism have been emerging, which have the potential to replace or at least change the already existing forms and fundamental tourism structures. A new type of tourism demand has significantly changed the nature of tourism offer. The alterations in the tourism offer and demand and the mere nature of the tourism product are usually associated with the concept of the post-tourist. By focusing on the effects of increasing mobilities of people and objects and new ways of sensing a touristic world, this work is a contribution to new directions in tourism analysis providing an account of various tourists' performances that help to constitute tourist destinations.
A Critique of the Touristic Phenomenon
This is a paper I wrote for a course work and hence it is not very elaborate but I have tried for arguing and developing an insight on a post-modernist phenomenon called "Tourism". Though I develop a critique of the touristic experience but my aim is to locate culturally a common individual in the neo-liberal society. The conclusion of this paper is short due to limitations but there is a lot that could be said once the crux of the arguments is understood. I leave it to the readers to understand where they belong in this discourse.
Chronology of the Interaction Between the Industrial Revolution and Modern Tourism Flows
2021
After the second half of the 18th century, the world has witnessed an important event that affected social life in many ways. Thanks to the industrial revolution, which started a process in which machines replaced brawn, the economic and social life of the society was rearranged. The effects of this new order, in which the production structure began to break away from the traditional line, have survived to the present day, albeit by changing form. In the light of this information, the study aims to determine the effects of the industrial revolution on modern tourism movements from the beginning of the period to the present day. The fact that this study, based on resource scanning and using secondary sources of information, examined the issue with chronological fiction makes the study important for its contribution to the literature. According to the results of the research, it has been seen that industrialization efforts, starting with the industrial revolution, have an important role in shaping modern tourism movements. The industrial revolution has led to the growth of leisure and income, which are the most important resources for tourism activities. In addition, transportation and communication industries, which are important outputs of technology, continue the effects of industry on the development of modern tourism movements.
2015
Tourism is one of the largest industries in the world. Yet leisure travel is not just economically important. This pastime plays a vital role in defining who we are by helping to place us in space and time. In so doing, it has aesthetic, medical, political, cultural, and social implications. It was not always so. Tourism as we know it is a surprisingly modern thing, both a product of modernity and a force helping to shape it. A History of Modern Tourism is the first book to track the origins and evolution of this pursuit from earliest times to the present. From a new understanding of aesthetics to scientific change, from the invention of steam power to the creation of aircraft, from an elite form of education to family car trips to see national “shrines,” this book offers a sweeping and engaging overview of a fascinating story not yet widely known. ". . . a very readable account of how tourism has developed since The Grand Tour of the 18th century. It looks at movers and shakers in the tourism sector - from Thomas Cook and George Pullman to Billy Butlin, Freddie Laker and even Adolf Hitler - and at how the industry has shaped globalisation and the modern world." (Adam Nebbs, South China Morning Post, 1 Nov. 2015) This book is now available in hardcover, paperback, and electronic formats. http://www.amazon.com/History-Modern-Tourism-Eric-Zuelow/dp/0230369642/ref=sr\_1\_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1433518027&sr=8-4&keywords=Zuelow. Readers may also be interested in the supplementary website which contains bibliographies, lists of websites, teaching materials, and more: http://ericzuelow.com/ModernTourism/About.html Publisher website: http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/a-history-of-modern-tourism-eric-zuelow/?isb=9780230369641
CHALLENGES AND DILEMMAS OF TOURISM STUDIES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
The sense of physical movement has changed forever. To put this in slightly other terms, dark tourism isolates and replaces the tourists in the virtuality of cyber-space. This begs a more than interesting point: we live in a world where tourists do not travel anymore. This happens because the experience has certainly replaced the physical movement as the key element that molds tourism (Kaelber, 2007). This and other interesting connotations are placed under critical scrutiny in the present chapter. The importance these types of new tourism have received in the Academy is directly proportional to the changes the industry is facing. Still further, the question of whether doom-tourism consists in moving to sites or destinations which are in the bias of disappearance, suggests two important assumptions. On one hand, this industrial world Urry mentioned has been changed by a decentralized and chaotic form of production and accumulation. On another hand, the process of deindustrialization, adjoined to the rise of individualism, is creating a form of consumptions that are unique, special, and cannot be repeated in any way. This is consistent to what Yves Michaud dubbed as “new luxury”, which means the replication of patterns that, far from being communicated to others – as the classic travel stories – are tended to reinforce pleasure-maximization and egocentrism (Michaud, 2013).
Social impacts of modernisation in the choice of tourist destination
Tourism and hospitality management, 1998
This work deals with the influence o f the socio-cultural factors in the tourist' decisions upon the choice o f tourist destinations. The author's attention is primarily directed towards the analysis o f social background consisting o f "uncontrolled marketing variables" which are essential in the segmentation o f the tourist product o f destination. The work is composed o f two parts. The introductory, theoretical part refers to the analysis o f the socio-cultural atmosphere in which the attitudes, the aspirations and the needs influencing the tourist conduct are shaped. In the other, empirical part o f the work the authors analyse the results o f the longitudinal research o f the socio-cultural aspects o f the tourist demand made in the period between 1994. err 1997. in the hotels in the istrians district. The influence o f the publicity means in the choice o f istria as a tourist destination is examined in correlation with socio-cultural and demographic variables such as: sex, age, qualification, profession, as well as in the context o f the modernising processes in the emitting countries. The special aspect o f the research is presented by the socio-linguistic analysis o f the slogans which, in the opinion o f the tourists, express the peculiarity o f the Istrian tourists product best. By this, the experienced dimension o f the Istria as a destination is affected.
The History of Tourism: Structures on the Path to Modernity
Various academic disciplines have repeatedly sought to re-evaluate the significance of tourism. Globalised tourism's so-cio-economic place within the framework of the leisure and holidaying opportunities on offer today has attracted particular attention. Such accounts often leave out the fact that this also has a history. The present article aims to overcome this shortcoming: it seeks to present an overview of the important structures, processes, types and trends of tourism against the background of historical developments. It deals with early forms of travel in the classical world and the Middle Ages, as well as the precursors of modern tourism, Bildungsreisen ("educational journeys") and the middle-class culture of travel. It then examines the boom in mass tourism in the 19th century and the unique expansion of tourism in the 1960s characterised by new forms of holidaying and experience shaped by globalisation.
Introduction: Themes in research on the evolution of tourism
Annals of Tourism Research, 1985
A number of themes can be found in many of the historical writings on tourism, including those in this volume, and they constitute clues concerning a variety of subjects which merit more detailed examination. The stereotypical tourism paper begins by indicating that there has been a rapid increase in participation in tourism and that this increase can be attributed to such factors as growth in population, greater discretionary income, more leisure, improved mobility, and urbanization. While there is considerable truth in such statements, they appear somewhat dated at a time of economic difficulty, with high unemployment, expensive gasoline, and rising numbers who are moonlighting. Such statements also tend to stress the volatile nature of tourism and place an undue emphasis on recent growth and change. When tourism is viewed over a considerable time period, evidence for continuity as well as change becomes apparent. Change and continuity, fashion and tradition can all receive due consideration when studies are placed in an historical context. The explanatory variables which have been identified in the preceding paragraph have not been the subject of much historical work in the specific context of tourism. It is true that some of these topics, such as urbanization, have attracted a great deal of research attention but seldom have the studies been undertaken primarily to explain changes in tourism. In the case of other factors, such as discretionary income, data are difficult to acquire. Refinement of the