The Economic Burden of Water Related Infections in the Bamenda Health District. The Case of Diarrhoea (original) (raw)
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Measuring cost of illness analysis of diarrhoeal diseases in north-western Nigeria
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Costs and Economic Burden of Childhood Diarrhea in Uganda
Research Square (Research Square), 2023
Background: Diarrhea is one of the leading-causes of morbidity and mortality among children under age ve in Uganda. While there is an abundance of literature on disease burden, there is limited available evidence on the costs and economic burden of childhood diarrhea in Uganda. To ll this gap, we estimated the cost of childhood diarrhea in Uganda from a societal perspective. Methods: We used an incidence-based cost-of-illness approach capturing monthly healthcare facility data on staff, medications, capital costs, and hospitalrelated expenditures for childhood diarrhea patients in Uganda. We interviewed caregivers of children with diarrhea at 48 selected healthcare facilities in the public and private (for-pro t and not-for-pro t) sectors. We conducted phone interviews with caregivers 7-14 days post-discharge to capture additional out-ofpocket expenses and associated costs. We also captured caregiver costs related to diarrhea illness including, productivity/time loss, income, food, travel costs and other household characteristics. These costs were then aggregated into direct (medical and non-medical) and indirect costs and estimated by age, gender, type of care (outpatient, inpatient), type of facility, and wealth quintile. The impact of diarrheal disease to households in terms of catastrophic health expenditure was measured.
Hospital Health Care Cost of Diarrheal Disease in Northern Ghana
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2010
Diarrhea caused by rotaviruses is one of the most frequent causes of hospitalization among pediatric patients in rural communities of developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, and it is a major cause of death in these communities. The complexity of diarrhea and the increasing cost of treatment puts additional burden on the health sector. To demonstrate the economic burden of diarrhea to policy makers, this study was conducted to estimate the treatment cost of diarrhea in children !5 years old in Ghana using the World Health Organization protocol for cost data collection and estimation. The study was undertaken in Navrongo War Memorial Hospital in northern Ghana. Cost estimates were made for 3 treatment scenarios observed: (1) treatment by rehydration, (2) treatment by rehydration and antibiotics, and (3) treatment of diarrhea and other diseases. The average outpatient treatment costs for the 3 treatment scenarios were US$3.86, 4.10,and4.10, and 4.10,and4.35 respectively, and the average treatment costs for hospitalization (inpatient care) were 65.14,65.14, 65.14,97.40, and 133.86respectively.Theannualnationaltreatmentcosts,basedonthe3treatmentscenarios,rangedfrom133.86 respectively. The annual national treatment costs, based on the 3 treatment scenarios, ranged from 133.86respectively.Theannualnationaltreatmentcosts,basedonthe3treatmentscenarios,rangedfrom907,116 to 1,851,280foroutpatientsclinicvisitsandfrom1,851,280 for outpatients clinic visits and from 1,851,280foroutpatientsclinicvisitsandfrom701,833 to $4,581,213 for hospitalizations. The average length of stay for the inpatients ranged from 2.3 to 4.9 days. The study did not cover patient costs (ie, household costs).
Journal of Water and Health, 2007
Using effectiveness data from a recent systematic review and cost data from programme implementers and World Health Organization (WHO) databases, we conducted a costeffectiveness analysis to compare non-piped in source-(dug well, borehole and communal stand post) and four types of household-(chlorination, filtration, solar disinfection, flocculation/disinfection) based interventions to improve the microbial quality of water for preventing diarrhoeal disease. Results are reported for two WHO epidemiological sub-regions,
Pan African Medical Journal, 2020
Introduction: diarrhoea remains a public health problem globally with majority of diarrhoea morbidity and mortality occurring in low resource settings. This study assessed the prevalence of diarrhoea and factors associated with diarrhoea in a rural community in Enugu, South East Nigeria. Methods: a community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted between May and June, 2017. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, water, sanitation, hand washing practices and diarrhoea history was obtained from 534 community residents using a structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and logistic regression tests at 5% level of significance. Results: prevalence of diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the study was 7.47% and 10.77% among all ages and children younger than five years respectively. Of 469 residents aged five years and above, 206 (43.92%) accessed source of drinking water within 30 minutes round trip walking distance from their households, 275 (58.64%) practiced open defecation while 456 (97.23%) and 455 (97.01%) reported washing hands with soap or ash and water before eating and after using the toilet respectively. Two or more households sharing a toilet facility [AOR = 4.78 (95% CI 2.03-11.24)] was a risk factor for diarrhoea while washing hands with soap or ash and water before eating [AOR = 0.23 (95% CI 0.06-0.90)] and after using the toilet [0.16 (95% CI 0.04-0.55)] protected against diarrhoea. Conclusion: increasing access to improved sanitary sewage disposal methods and promoting hand washing with soap and water at critical moments would improve diarrhoeal disease control.
Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics, 2020
Introduction: Globally,acute watery diarrhoea is amajor cause of childhood morbidityand mortality. It is the fourthleading cause of death in childrencontributing as high as 11% of allchildhood deaths. In Nigeria,acute watery diarrhoea causes240,106 deaths per year. Out ofpocket expenditure is a majorsource of healthcare funding inNigeria, hence treatment of acutewatery diarrhoea places extra financialburden on the familiesespecially those in the low socioeconomicclass.Objective: To determine the costof treatment of acute watery diarrhoeain children aged 6 to 36months.Methodology: This was a crosssectional study conducted on children aged 6-36 months who presented with acute watery diarrhoea from January through October 2017. Data obtained using interviewer-administered questionnaire, included sociodemography, duration of illness, treatment cost of the index diarrhoeal episode before presenting to our facility, transportation cost, food and other incidental cost, duration of hospital...
Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity, 2021
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has a rapidly growing urban population, with water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services representing the central needs for this population. Incidentally, this region has the lowest global WASH coverage. Data from the 'WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water supply, Sanitation and Hygiene' and the 'Global Burden of Disease' study from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation were used to assess WASH coverage and related health burden in SSA, its subregions, and rural and urban areas in SSA. WASH coverage in the SSA region appears to be low, but urban coverage is better than that in rural areas; however, there is unequal access to urban WASH and poor urban areas are underserved. In addition, 7.75% (5.99-9.7%) of total deaths due to diarrheal diseases across SSA are attributed to unsafe WASH with a risk factor attribution (RFA) percentage of 95.93% (91.94-98.24%). Therefore, a correlation between WASH coverage and mortality due to diarrheal diseases could be established. There is a lack of data on WASH coverage in poor urban areas, although these areas have high incidence of WASH-related diseases including diarrhea. Disaggregated urban WASH data are needed to better understand the WASH service needs of poor urban areas, which would be helpful in ensuring a more inclusive implementation of WASH services.
Determinants of Cost of Treating Water-Borne Diseases Among Rural Households in South West Nigeria
Journal for the Advancement of Developing Economies
This study determined the factors that influence the economic burden of water-borne diseases and the associated financial cost for rural households in southwestern Nigeria. A multi-stage random sampling method was used to select four hundred and thirty-seven rural households from whom data were collected for the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and cost of illness approach. The results revealed that an average household had six members with an average quarterly income of N80,717.52 (N160.00 = 1US dollar, at time of study). The sum of N28,571.36 was incurred as economic cost of water-borne diseases per household per quarter in the study area. Gender (p<0.05), access to safe water (P<0.1), cholera epidemic (p<0.01), diarrhoea infection (p<0.1), access to improved toilet (p<0.1) and State dummy (p<0.01) were the significant factors affecting economic burden of water-borne diseases in the study area. The study therefore recommends that rural households should consume quality water or water from improved sources (borehole and well water) so as to combat water-borne diseases. They should also seek medical attention when they fall ill. In the same vein, the three tiers of government (federal, state and local) should give more priority to sensitizing rural households on water-borne diseases control programs in order to prevent economic losses resulting from loss of income and shortage of food supply.
Diarrhoea and effects of different water sources, sanitation and hygiene behaviour in East Africa
Tropical Medicine and International Health, 2002
Apart from Drawers of Water (DOW I) published in 1972, there have been only a handful of published studies on domestic water use and environmental health in East Africa, based on direct observations or other reliable research methods. The objective of this study was to carry out a repeat analysis of domestic water use and environmental health in East Africa based on DOW I. The study was conducted in the same sites as DOW I. Field assistants spent at least 1 day in each household observing and conducting semi-structured interviews. They measured the amount of water collected, recorded the amount of water used in the home, and noted household socio-demographic characteristics, prevalence of diarrhoea, state and use of latrines, sources of water and conditions of use. We surveyed 1015 households in 33 sites in Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya in 1997. From 1967 to 1997, the prevalence of diarrhoea, in the week preceding the survey, increased from 6% to 18% in Kenya and from 16% to 21% in Uganda; it declined slightly in Tanzania (11-8%). Determinants of diarrhoea morbidity included poor hygiene (unsafe disposal of faeces and wastewater), education level of household head, obtaining water from surface sources or wells and per capita water used for cleaning. Hygiene practices are an important complement to improved water and sanitation in reducing diarrhoea morbidity.