Rates and relations of mitochondrial genome evolution across the Echinoidea, with special focus on the superfamily Odontophora (original) (raw)
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Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 2016
Novel COI and bindin sequences of the Red Sea collector echinoid Tripneustes gratilla elatensis are used to show that (1) discordance between mitochondrial and nuclear loci exists in this echinoid genus, (2) Tripneustes gratilla as currently defined possibly comprises a complex of cryptic species, and (3) Red Sea Tripneustes form a genetically distinct clade in the bindin tree, which diverged from other Tripneustes clades at least 2-4million years ago. Morphological reassessment of T. gratilla elatensis shows perfect congruence between identification based on skeletal features and genetic data based on a nuclear marker sequence. Hence the Red Sea Tripneustes subspecies established by Dafni in 1983 is a distinct biological unit. All T. g. elatensis samples analyzed are highly similar to or share mtDNA haplotypes with Philippine T. g. gratilla, as do representatives from other edge-of-range occurrences. This lack of genetic structure in Indo-Pacific Tripneustes is interpreted as a res...
Genome Biology and Evolution
Despite the figure of complete bivalve mitochondrial genomes keeps growing, an assessment of the general features of these genomes in a phylogenetic framework is still lacking, despite the fact that bivalve mitochondrial genomes are unusual under different aspects. In this work, we constructed a dataset of one hundred mitochondrial genomes of bivalves to perform the first systematic comparative mitogenomic analysis, developing a phylogenetic background to scaffold the evolutionary history of the class' mitochondrial genomes. Highly conserved domains were identified in all protein coding genes; however, four genes (namely, atp6, nad2, nad4L, and nad6) were found to be very divergent for many respects, notwithstanding the overall purifying selection working on those genomes. Moreover, the atp8 gene was newly annotated in 20 mitochondrial genomes, where it was previously declared as lacking or only signaled. Supernumerary mitochondrial proteins were compared, but it was possible to find homologies only among strictly related species. The rearrangement rate on the molecule is too high to be used as a phylogenetic marker, but here we demonstrate for the first time in mollusks that there is correlation between rearrangement rates and evolutionary rates. We also developed a new index (HERMES) to estimate the amount of mitochondrial evolution. Many genomic features are phylogenetically congruent and this allowed us to highlight three main phases in bivalve history: the origin, the branching of palaeoheterodonts, and the second radiation leading to the present-day biodiversity.
Mind the gap! The mitochondrial control region and its power as a phylogenetic marker in echinoids
BMC evolutionary biology, 2018
In Metazoa, mitochondrial markers are the most commonly used targets for inferring species-level molecular phylogenies due to their extremely low rate of recombination, maternal inheritance, ease of use and fast substitution rate in comparison to nuclear DNA. The mitochondrial control region (CR) is the main non-coding area of the mitochondrial genome and contains the mitochondrial origin of replication and transcription. While sequences of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and 16S rRNA genes are the prime mitochondrial markers in phylogenetic studies, the highly variable CR is typically ignored and not targeted in such analyses. However, the higher substitution rate of the CR can be harnessed to infer the phylogeny of closely related species, and the use of a non-coding region alleviates biases resulting from both directional and purifying selection. Additionally, complete mitochondrial genome assemblies utilizing next generation sequencing (NGS) data often show exceptionally ...
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2010
The genome architecture and amino acid sequences of six new complete mitochondrial genomes were determined from representatives of Hemichordata (1), Ophiuroidea (3), Echinoidea (1) and Holothuroidea (1) and were analysed together with previously known sequences. Phylogenetic analyses recovered three lineages within echinoderms, Crinoidea, Ophiuroidea and a group comprising Holothuroidea, Echinoidea, and Asteroidea. In contrast to previous analyses of mitochondrial genomes the increased data set recovered the classical echinoderm phylogeny of Eleutherozoa and Echinozoa in Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses using hemichordate out-group representatives. However, an inconsistent ramification appeared with vertebrate out-groups and in Maximum Parsimony and Neighbour Joining reconstructions.The basal (consensus) gene orders of all three lineages could be derived from a hypothetical ancestral crinoid gene order by one single rearrangement in each lineage. The genome architecture was highly conserved in Echinoidea, whereas the highest gene order differences and large amounts of unassigned sequences (UAS) were detected in Ophiuroidea, supporting a higher evolutionary rate than in any other echinoderm lineage. The variability in gene order and UAS regions in ophiuroid genomes suggest dominating rearrangement mechanisms by duplication events.
Evolution of mitochondrial gene orders in echinoderms
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2008
A comprehensive analysis of the mitochondrial gene orders of all previously published and two novel Antedon mediterranea (Crinoidea) and Ophiura albida (Ophiuroidea) complete echinoderm mitochondrial genomes shows that all major types of rearrangement operations are necessary to explain the evolution of mitochondrial genomes. In addition to protein coding genes we include all tRNA genes as well as the control region in our analysis. Surprisingly, 7 of the 16 genomes published in the GenBank database contain misannotations, mostly unannotated tRNAs and/or mistakes in the orientation of tRNAs, which we have corrected here. Although the gene orders of mt genomes appear very different, only 8 events are necessary to explain the evolutionary history of echinoderms with the exception of the ophiuroids. Only two of these rearrangements are inversions, while we identify three tandem-duplication-random-loss events and three transpositions.
Phylogenomics of strongylocentrotid sea urchins
BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2013
Background: Strongylocentrotid sea urchins have a long tradition as model organisms for studying many fundamental processes in biology including fertilization, embryology, development and genome regulation but the phylogenetic relationships of the group remain largely unresolved. Although the differing isolating mechanisms of vicariance and rapidly evolving gamete recognition proteins have been proposed, a stable and robust phylogeny is unavailable. Results: We used a phylogenomic approach with mitochondrial and nuclear genes taking advantage of the whole-genome sequencing of nine species in the group to establish a stable (i.e. concordance in tree topology among multiple lies of evidence) and robust (i.e. high nodal support) phylogenetic hypothesis for the family Strongylocentrotidae. We generated eight draft mitochondrial genome assemblies and obtained 13 complete mitochondrial genes for each species. Consistent with previous studies, mitochondrial sequences failed to provide a reliable phylogeny. In contrast, we obtained a very well-supported phylogeny from 2301 nuclear genes without evidence of positive Darwinian selection both from the majority of most-likely gene trees and the concatenated fourfold degenerate sites: ((P. depressus, (M. nudus, M. franciscanus), (H. pulcherrimus, (S. purpuratus, (S. fragilis, (S. pallidus, (S. droebachiensis, S. intermedius)). This phylogeny was consistent with a single invasion of deep-water environments followed by a holarctic expansion by Strongylocentrotus. Divergence times for each species estimated with reference to the divergence times between the two major clades of the group suggest a correspondence in the timing with the opening of the Bering Strait and the invasion of the holarctic regions. Conclusions: Nuclear genome data contains phylogenetic signal informative for understanding the evolutionary history of this group. However, mitochondrial genome data does not. Vicariance can explain major patterns observed in the phylogeny. Other isolating mechanisms are appropriate to explore in this system to help explain divergence patterns not well supported by vicariance, such as the effects of rapidly evolving gamete recognition proteins on isolating populations. Our findings of a stable and robust phylogeny, with the increase in mitochondrial and nuclear comparative genomic data, provide a system in which we can enhance our understanding of molecular evolution and adaptation in this group of sea urchins.
Title: Understanding the adaptive evolution of mitochondrial genomes in intertidal chitons
Mitochondria are the centre of energy metabolism in eukaryotic cells and its genes are thus key to the evolution of molecular mechanisms that metabolize cellular energy. Intertidal zone is one of the most stressful environments with extreme shifts in temperature, salinity, pH and oxygen concentrations. Marine molluscs, particularly chitons belong to the ecologically dominant organisms in this extreme environment, symbolizing an ideal model to understand mitochondrial stress adaptation. Here, we used concatenated mitochondrial genetic components separately from seven chitons of the intertidal zone to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among these species. We performed selection analyses considering sites and branches of individual proteincoding genes to identify potentially adaptive residues and localize them in the protein structures of mt subunits. Our results exhibited significant amino acid changes in sites under diversifying selection of all the protein-coding genes, indicative of the adaptive evolution of mitochondrial genome in chitons. Furthermore, we obtained sites in the transmembrane helices lining the proton translocation channel as well as in surrounding loop regions, providing implication towards functional modification of the OXPHOS proteins essential for survival in dynamic environment of the intertidal zone.
Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2007
The crustacean isopod Armadillidium vulgare is characterized by an unusual *42-kb-long mitochondrial genome consisting of two molecules co-occurring in mitochondria: a circular *28-kb dimer formed by two *14-kb monomers fused in opposite polarities and a linear *14-kb monomer. Here we determined the nucleotide sequence of the fundamental monomeric unit of A. vulgare mitochondrial genome, to gain new insight into its structure and evolution. Our results suggest that the junction zone between monomers of the dimer structure is located in or near the control region. Direct sequencing indicated that the nucleotide sequences of the different monomer units are virtually identical. This suggests that gene conversion and/ or replication processes play an important role in shaping nucleotide sequence variation in this mitochondrial genome. The only heteroplasmic site we identified predicts an alloacceptor tRNA change from tRNA Ala to tRNA Val . Therefore, in A. vulgare, tRNA Ala and tRNA Val are found at the same locus in different monomers, ensuring that both tRNAs are present in mitochondria. The presence of this heteroplasmic site in all sequenced individuals suggests that the polymorphism is selectively maintained, probably because of the necessity of both tRNAs for maintaining proper mitochondrial functions. Thus, our results provide empirical evidence for the tRNA gene recruitment model of tRNA evolution. Moreover, interspecific comparisons showed that the A. vulgare mitochondrial gene order is highly derived compared to the putative ancestral arthropod type. By contrast, an overall high conservation of mitochondrial gene order is observed within crustacean isopods.
Long-Term Conservation of Six Duplicated Structural Genes in Cephalopod Mitochondrial Genomes
Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2004
The complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of three cephalopods, Octopus vulgaris (Octopodiformes, Octopoda, Incirrata), Todarodes pacificus (Decapodiformes, Oegopsida, Ommastrephidae), and Watasenia scintillans (Decapodiformes, Oegopsida, Enoploteuthidae), were determined. These three mt genomes encode the standard set of metazoan mt genes. However, W. scintillans and T. pacificus mt genomes share duplications of the longest noncoding region, three cytochrome oxidase subunit genes and two ATP synthase subunit genes, and the tRNA Asp gene. Southern hybridization analysis of the W. scintillans mt genome shows that this single genome carries both duplicated regions. The near-identical sequence of the duplicates suggests that there are certain concerted evolutionary mechanisms, at least in cephalopod mitochondria. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of mt protein genes are suggestive, although not statistically significantly so, of a monophyletic relationship between W. scintillans and T. pacificus.
A phylogenomic resolution of the sea urchin tree of life
BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2018
Background: Echinoidea is a clade of marine animals including sea urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars and sea biscuits. Found in benthic habitats across all latitudes, echinoids are key components of marine communities such as coral reefs and kelp forests. A little over 1000 species inhabit the oceans today, a diversity that traces its roots back at least to the Permian. Although much effort has been devoted to elucidating the echinoid tree of life using a variety of morphological data, molecular attempts have relied on only a handful of genes. Both of these approaches have had limited success at resolving the deepest nodes of the tree, and their disagreement over the positions of a number of clades remains unresolved. Results: We performed de novo sequencing and assembly of 17 transcriptomes to complement available genomic resources of sea urchins and produce the first phylogenomic analysis of the clade. Multiple methods of probabilistic inference recovered identical topologies, with virtually all nodes showing maximum support. In contrast, the coalescent-based method ASTRAL-II resolved one node differently, a result apparently driven by gene tree error induced by evolutionary rate heterogeneity. Regardless of the method employed, our phylogenetic structure deviates from the currently accepted classification of echinoids, with neither Acroechinoidea (all euechinoids except echinothurioids), nor Clypeasteroida (sand dollars and sea biscuits) being monophyletic as currently defined. We show that phylogenetic signal for novel resolutions of these lineages is strong and distributed throughout the genome, and fail to recover systematic biases as drivers of our results.