Yago et al Industrial Devolution in New York State - in Reindustrializing New York State - 1986.pdf (original) (raw)
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Les forces économiques, politiques, sociales et culturelles ne cessent de redessiner les espaces urbains aux États-Unis, et la configuration de New York illustre parfaitement ce phénomène, tant sa géographie continue de refléter les transformations sociétales. Le concept de gentrification, c’est-à-dire l’embourgeoisement d’un quartier populaire, revient très souvent pour expliquer ces évolutions. La simple notion de classe sociale ne suffit pourtant pas à rendre compte de la complexité du phénomène de gentrification, puisque ce dernier fait également intervenir, entre autres, des perspectives raciales et ethniques. Aaron Shkuda prend d’abord le quartier de Bushwick, dans l’arrondissement (borough) de Brooklyn, comme une illustration contemporaine des vagues de transformations urbaines, qui ont fait de zones industrielles mal famées, des colonies artistiques, puis des quartiers résidentiels huppés, Il se tourne ensuite vers SoHo, considéré comme le premier quartier à avoir connu de telles transformations. L’auteur retrace alors l’histoire de SoHo, qui reste encore associé à un milieu bohème et artistique, bien que cette représentation soit de moins en moins pertinente à l’heure actuelle, puisque le processus de gentrification a fait de SoHo l’un des quartiers les plus opulents de la ville. Ce processus n’est d’ailleurs pas récent, comme en témoigne l’évolution des populations habitant SoHo dans la période suivant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.
At the heart of urban dynamics over the past few decades, the reconversion of riverside and port spaces in cities of the western world is associated with the deindustrialisation of these sites, often situated near historic city centres. This contemporary situation puts industrial heritage conversion at the centre of thinking which goes beyond the mere conservation of the original value of the buildings to question the future of cities, in relation to the notion of sustainability. In New York, after thirty years of neglect, the old railway viaduct known as the “High Line” has been transformed into an elevated, linear urban parkway. The project should be reframed within with the Hudson Riverpark operation, an impressive requalification of the Manhattan riverside, also associated with the older Riverside Park. The High Line is a vestige of the first Industrial Revolution, a hybrid, suggestive creation of a flexible morphology mingling infrastructure and building. Its reconversion has succeeded in reactivating growth in an important part of the meatpacking district. The operation brings together local authorities, the New York city administration and landowning companies. In the wake of the regeneration of the east bank of the Manhattan, its reconversion does not follow the dominant model of waterfront regeneration, pioneered in the United States since the 1960s. Through its prism, different political, economic and social relationships can be identified (arrival of Michael Bloomberg as mayor, the “railway banking” procedure, the ‘Friends of the High Line’ association), creating a new approach which has already become a reference. From Chicago to Philadelphia, from Atlanta to Rotterdam, many cities now envisage the rehabilitation of vast urban sectors in the same way, by converting their railway viaducts in the manner of the High Line. The importance of this operation allows us to consider deindustrialisation as a process capable of engendering a change in the urban territory through an approach at different scales and crossing over existing boarders.
L'urbanité de l'héritage industriel. La reconversion du viaduc de la High Line à New York
At the heart of urban dynamics over the past few decades, the reconversion of riverside and port spaces in cities of the western world is associated with the deindustrialisation of these sites, often situated near historic city centres. This contemporary situation puts industrial heritage conversion at the centre of thinking which goes beyond the mere conservation of the original value of the buildings to question the future of cities, in relation to the notion of sustainability. In New York, after thirty years of neglect, the old railway viaduct known as the “High Line” has been transformed into an elevated, linear urban parkway. The project should be reframed within with the Hudson Riverpark operation, an impressive requalification of the Manhattan riverside, also associated with the older Riverside Park. The High Line is a vestige of the first Industrial Revolution, a hybrid, suggestive creation of a flexible morphology mingling infrastructure and building. Its reconversion has succeeded in reactivating growth in an important part of the meatpacking district. The operation brings together local authorities, the New York city administration and landowning companies. In the wake of the regeneration of the east bank of the Manhattan, its reconversion does not follow the dominant model of waterfront regeneration, pioneered in the United States since the 1960s. Through its prism, different political, economic and social relationships can be identified (arrival of Michael Bloomberg as mayor, the “railway banking” procedure, the ‘Friends of the High Line’ association), creating a new approach which has already become a reference. From Chicago to Philadelphia, from Atlanta to Rotterdam, many cities now envisage the rehabilitation of vast urban sectors in the same way, by converting their railway viaducts in the manner of the High Line. The importance of this operation allows us to consider deindustrialisation as a process capable of engendering a change in the urban territory through an approach at different scales and crossing over existing boarders.