CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF GREEN REVOLUTION IN INDIA (original) (raw)

Organic Farming in India: Poised for Growth in the New Millennium

Organic agriculture is steadily gaining importance in India, for various reasons. India is rediscovering organic agriculture. Indian corporate sector has now begun to seize the export opportunities presented by organic agriculture. In addition, farmers in the some States are now turning their attention to organic agriculture, due to various crisis factors in conventional agricultural production systems. There are two streams of organic production in India – certified production and non-certified production. Cumulatively, it can be said that India is the largest organic agriculture country. Organic movement is yet to take deep, concrete roots in India. Despite the recognition of environmental and economic benefits of organic agriculture, governments in India have not yet enacted policies to assist the organic sector. Civil society, NGOs and individuals have been making tireless efforts to promote organic agriculture. Organic agriculture faces numerous problems in India. Domestic market is yet to recognize the potential of organic food production. There is no proper institutional framework for encouraging organic production in India. International standards do not incorporate the need and reality of Indian organic production systems. There is huge shortage of organic inputs. A recent 2001 National Organic Conference brought into debate the numerous issues of Indian organic agriculture to the fore. Indian agriculture sector and the small and marginal farmers are now in a critical situation due to environmental, market and policy factors. Globalization and economic reform process undertaken by the different Indian governments in the 1990s, also bring out the crucial phase of organic agriculture movement in India. Indian organic movement also requires the support of Asian countries. There is a need for Asian solidarity for the efforts of Indian organic movement. In India and outside, this decade would be significant for organic agriculture due to several reasons.

Organic Farming Research in India: Present Status and Way Forward

Organic farming is a knowledge intensive system and has been developed by practitioners themselves over the years. Organic farming is native to India. The farmers of ancient India are known to have evolved nature friendly farming systems and practices such as mixed farming, mixed cropping and crop rotation. The first " scientific " approach to organic farming can be quoted back to the Vedas of the " Later Vedic Period " , 1000 BC to 600 BC. There has been significant increase in the area under certified organic farming during the last 10 years. With less than 42,000 ha under certified organic farming during 2003-04, the area under organic farming grew by almost 25 fold, during the next 5 years, to 1.2 million ha during 2008-09. Organic farming is one such system which provides healthy and safe food without ecological harm. Hence, the Government started promoting organic farming through various schemes like National Project on Organic Farming (NPOF), National Horticulture Mission (NHM), Horticulture Mission for North East & Himalayan States (HMNEH), National Project on Management of Soil Health and Fertility (NPMSH&F) and Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY). The interest of several States in promoting organic farming indicates that organic agriculture is being viewed as a precursor to dynamic change for an otherwise stagnant agricultural sector. Despite the initiatives and rapid progress, apprehension about the economic viability and environmental and human health benefits of organic farming continue to bother agricultural researchers and policy makers.

Financial Analysis of Organic Farming in India

isara solutions, 2020

Green revolution(1958) brought heavy use of chemical fertilizers to increase the productivity of land throughout the country thus converting soil, water and land poisonous. Excessive and inappropriate use of fertilizers and pesticides polluted waterways and killed beneficial insects and wild life. It has also caused over use of soil and rapidly depleted its nutrients. The rampant irrigation practices led to eventual degradation of soil. In various parts of country farmers are forced to leave farming practice and adopt some other work for livelihood due to decrease in underwater level( Natya boppan,2016). These problems were aggravated due to absence of training to use modern technology and vast illiteracy leading to excessive use of chemicals. This has paved the way for organic farming in the country. Organic farming refers to an eco friendly and environment friendly way of farming. It promotes sustainability, ecological balance and ensued healthy human anatomy. (Dr. Thippeswamy 2013). Organic agriculture is a unique production system which promotes and enhances ecosystem, health, including biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity, which is accompanied by using on farm agronomic, agricultural and mechanical methods in exclusion of all synthetic off farm inputs.-FAO(Food and Agricultural Organisation)

Organic farming in India: Sustainable Development and Farmers

IJIRMF, 2022

Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, with more than half of the population reliant on it for survival. Although its contribution to India's GDP is less as compared to other sectors and it is gradually decreasing due to traditional farming practices. And therefore, it is necessary to revive this basic sector. Organic farming is a holistic approach that along with increasing the socioeconomic status of marginal farmers, it is also beneficial for the environment. Northbourne originated the term "organic" in his book "Look to the Land," published in 1940. (Nourthbourne, 2003) Also defines organic farming as 'an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity'. Traditional farming, on the other hand, is a farming approach that uses synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilisers in order to increase productivity and profit. Synthetic pesticides and chemicals capable of removing insects, weeds, and pests, as well as growth stimulants such as synthetic hormones and fertilisers capable of increasing the rate of growth are used in conventional farming (Worthington, 2001). Organic farming is in a nascent stage in India. About 2.78 million hectare of farmland was under organic cultivation as of March 2020, according to the Union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare. This is two per cent of the 140.1 million hectare net sown area in the country (Khurana & Kumar, 2020). Another main definition is define by FAO that "Organic agriculture is a unique production management system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity, and this is accomplished by using on-farm agronomic, biological and mechanical methods in exclusion of all synthetic off farm inputs" (FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission, 1999). Organic farming methods combine scientific knowledge of modern technology based on natural biological processes with traditional farming practices. Organic methods are used to make the environment pollution free without any ecological cost to increase sustainable production and to release nutrients into the crop. Its aim is to produce highly nutritious crops and the different ways of practicing organic agriculture are such as Crop Diversity, Crop rotation, Biological pest control, Soil management, Green manure Compost, Weed management. 1.1. NEED OF ORGANIC FARMING: Because of the Green Revolution and its chemical-based technologies, production has nearly stagnated, dividends are gradually declining, and pollution, climate change, and other negative externalities are occurring as a result of the Abstract: Organic farming can also be called other natural farming. Since 1990, the market of organic products in the world has increased significantly; Sikkim is the first state in a developing country like India, which became the first state to adopt organic farming, along with Tripura and Uttarakhand is also striving towards achieving the goal of organic farming. On one hand, efforts are made to increase production by using chemicals as much as possible so that the demand can be met and profits can be earned, but the current time changes. Where the use of chemical fertilizers has increased, on the other hand the crop is being produced using organic fertilizers. The producers of organic farming are allowed to use anything other than organic matter for protection and fertilization Today one districtone product scheme has helped small and marginal farmers to produce organic agriculture on a large scale. It turned out to be a traditional farming that promoted quality of production rather than profit. That is, in today's capitalist era, where big farmers do farming with the aim of earning profit by producing more and more, then organic farming proves to be unsuccessful. Apart from this, organic farming is expensive. In this article, efforts will be made to understand the need for organic farming, as well as the issues faced by organic farmers, and also the programmes in place to help them, including the longterm sustainability of organic farming in the future.

Present Status and Prospects of Organic Farming in India

This paper focuses on the present status and prospects of organic farming in India. India is endowed with various types of naturally available organic form of nutrients in different parts of the country and it will help for organic cultivation of crops substantially. India's total area under organic certification is 4.72 million hectare in 2013-14 and its global rank is 10 th . The CGR of cultivation of organic area of India is 11.52% of which wild collection is 12.57% and remaining area is 7.45% during 2005-2013. The co-efficient of variation is approx 0.5% during same period. Compound growth rate of export quantity of organic products of India is 51.50% and export value is 11.75% during 2002-03 to 2013-14. Among all the states in India, Uttar Pradesh has highest area under organic farming followed by Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra in 2011-12. The prices of organic products are higher than the non-organic products in domestic markets. India exports around 135 organic products of which the share of oil crops in total organic export quantity was (26.74%) followed by cotton (24.48%) basmati rice (11.81%) in 2013-14. India is exporting organic products to all the continents of the world of which the largest share goes to EU (44.12%), followed by USA (19.2%). An attempt is made to analyze the importance of organic EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH -Vol. III, Issue 4 / July 2015 4272 farming, principle of organic farming, Marketing and export of organically produced products in India.

Role of Organic Farming in Indian Agriculture

2016

Organic crop production programs started from Madhya Pradesh of India. Mango, Bananas, Pineapple, Papaya organic fruits grow in Maharastrya and Madhya Pradesh States. Wheat, Maize and Sorghum organic crops grow in Haryana, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Maharastrya States. Oilseeds organic crops grow in only Madhya Pradesh. Cotton organic crops grow in Gujrat and Madhya Pradesh States. The area of organic crop production program is 29200 hac in Seoni District of Madhya Pradesh. Besides, demand for organic food is steadily increasing globally at an annual average growth rate of about 25 percent. Growing at a steady annual rate of about 40 percent, the total turnover of organic farming (including exports) in India is likely to be worth Rs 10,000 crore from current levels of about Rs 2,500 crore. Nearly 4.5 million hectares area is currently under certified organic farms, points out the ASSOCHAM study. Although, organic farming is picking up pace in India but the sector has ...

Organic Farming for Sustainable Development in India

Regarded as a fringe movement of dubious repute, organic farming started from rather meager roots; and yet has managed to gain respect and spread worldwide with sales in the order of about US$40 billion per year. Today one of the debates in this regard is whether organic farming is just a status symbol, or is it really better for us? Failures of green revolution, fall in biodiversity and crop yields, deteriorating levels of human end environmental health etc. make us rethink agriculture in general and sustainable agriculture in particular. For instance, in 2010, farmers, environmentalists and policy-makers in Kerala took the unprecedented step of enacting a policy that requires all Kerala growers to farm organically by 2020. Kerala's example shows that when done right, this kind of agriculture can be good for everyone in our global food system. This paper intends to provide a variety of perspectives to examine nature and relevance of organic farming and explain the pattern of growth of the organic food system, with reference to India. To its credit, the paper also addresses some of the issues, and a few uncertainties about its future development. Keywords: Food; Organic Farming; India; Kerala