An Empirical Investigation Between Trade Liberalization And Corruption: A Panel Data Approach (original) (raw)
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Corruption and Trade jei Journal of Economic Integration
2014
Using a panel data set for 146 countries over the period 1984~2007, this study contributes in the area of trade-corruption linkages by highlighting the non-monotonic relationship between trade and corruption and significance of complementary policy reforms in shaping the link. Findings of the study suggest that trade increases corruption in a linear specification while its effect on corruption decreasing in a non-linear specification. The analysis exhibits that this non-linear nature of the relationship is worth noting and help answering the question why the literature on the relationship between trade and corruption is not conclusive. Furthermore, we make argument and find empirical support to our proposition that this is not just openness to trade that can reduce corruption but there are complimentary policy reforms that cause a decline in corruption. Findings of the study are robust to alternative specifications, econometric techniques, control of nonlinearity, control of interac...
Journal of Economic Integration, 2014
Using a panel data set for 146 countries over the period 1984~2007, this study contributes in the area of trade-corruption linkages by highlighting the non-monotonic relationship between trade and corruption and significance of complementary policy reforms in shaping the link. Findings of the study suggest that trade increases corruption in a linear specification while its effect on corruption decreasing in a non-linear specification. The analysis exhibits that this non-linear nature of the relationship is worth noting and help answering the question why the literature on the relationship between trade and corruption is not conclusive. Furthermore, we make argument and find empirical support to our proposition that this is not just openness to trade that can reduce corruption but there are complimentary policy reforms that cause a decline in corruption. Findings of the study are robust to alternative specifications, econometric techniques, control of nonlinearity, control of interactive effects, and exclusion of outliers.
Some of the economists believe that current volume of international trade is less than the volume that has been predicted by the conventional trade theories. Unobserved barriers (i.e. Corruption) are one of the factors that can reduce the volume of trade fromthe amount that has been predicted by these conventional theories. This research has studied the role of corruption in the trade volume of selected countries in the Middle East and Latin America. In this study we have used an augmented gravity model of trade and panel data. In addition for estimating the model, we have used fixed effects vector decomposition method. The results showed that the trade is inverted-U shape function of corruption and the little amount of corruption in both regions initially helps the amount of trade to increase but when it reaches the threshold, the volume of the trade reduces in the studied countries. In addition, the results indicated that the existence of corruption in the importing country has a negative effect on the trade volume of the studied countries and it can reduce the amount of the bilateral trade.
Corruption and international trade: a comprehensive analysis with gravity
Applied Economic Analysis, 2019
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of corruption on trade.Design/methodology/approachThe authors estimate gravity equations with the last econometric advances on a wide sample of countries and years using three different measures of corruption. Two of them belong to the so-called perception-based indexes and the third is derived from a structural model that takes into account the causes and indicators of corruption across countries.FindingsA negative effect of corruption on trade appears with perceptions, but it is not widespread. However, the authors find sensible evidence of the “grease the wheels” view with the structural index if low and middle income countries are implicated. Additionally, when using this measure, differences in corruption levels negatively impact trade. Both results are in line with expectations.Originality/valueMoreover, membership in regional trade agreements does not seem to significantly alter these results.
Corruption and Trade Protection: Evidence from Panel Data
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2007
This paper provides new estimates of the effects of corruption and poor institutions on trade protection. It exploits data on several measures of trade protection including import duty, international trade taxes, and the trade-GDP ratio. The paper complements the literature on the relationship between corruption and trade reform. It deviates from the previous literature in several ways. First, unobserved heterogeneity among countries have been controlled with properly specified fixed effects exploiting the time dimension present in the dataset. Secondly, instead of using tariff and non-tariff barriers, more general measures of trade protection have been used. The issue of endogeneity of corruption with respect to trade policy has been addressed using proper instruments for corruption used in previous studies. Moreover, two separate institutional measures have been used in the same regression to estimate their comparative impacts on trade policy. In general, we find that corruption and lack of contract enforcement have strong impacts to increase trade protection and negative effects on trade openness.
International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2019
Corruption is like an epidemic that has the power to destroy a country's socioeconomic, financial, human and political environment. It has severe consequences in developing countries. This study has examined the impact of existing human, political, financial and economic factors on corruption for a set of panel countries. The data from 1995 to 2004 is used to serve this purpose. For examining the stationarity of the variables, Levin-Lin-Chu (2002), Fisher-ADF and Fisher-PP tests are applied. Pedroni Residual based Co-integration and FMOLS by Phillips and Hansen (1990) test has been used for examining the co-integration among the variables of the model. The speed of adjustment and short-run relationship has been tested through VECM. The estimated results show that exports, GDP per capita and political stability have a negative impact on corruption, whereas imports, financial development, human development index, bureaucracy, democracy and the rule of law have a positive relationship with corruption. The simplified procedures of import and export will help in reducing the practice of bribes and corruption. The governments should take the necessary steps not only to increase the income, but also to improve the people's standard of living. There should be improvements in the political system. Democracy is also helpful to get rid of corruption.
The Effect of Corruption on International Trade: A Case Study of Indonesian Trade to Nine Countries
EKO-REGIONAL JURNAL PENGEMBANGAN EKONOMI WILAYAH, 2018
Corruption is a form of abuse of ethical authority by public officials, which is divided into two parts: bribery and forced collection. The effect of corruption like bribes and illegal levies is widespread in the public sector. One interesting investigation is the effect of corruption on international trade. Corruption becomes a barrier in international trade, where corruption plays a role in the access of trade goods and services from within and abroad. Using the gravity model, the focus of this research was the effect of corruption on international trade by taking a case study of Indonesia's bilateral trade with its nine largest export destination countries. Using panel data, analysis tools used in this research were common effect, fixed effect, random effect and poisson pseudo maximum likelihood (PPML). In this research, it was found that geographical distance variable in its fixed units caused the omitted variable so that the error term correlated with independent variables. In order to overcome the problem, poisson pseudo maximum likelihood method was used in performing regression gravity model with linear log form, so the omitted variable issue on the geographical distance can be eliminated. The results of this research concluded that corruption played a role in international trade through bureaucratic mechanisms of trade and investment licensing and the effect of corruption was more detrimental to exporters.
Does Globalization Matter on Corruption Level in OECD Countries?: An Empirical Analysis
2018
The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the impact of globalization on corruption level of an economy in an unbalanced panel data analysis for 34 OECD countries for the period 2002-2012. For this purpose, we used two distinct corruption variables as dependent variable and four separate globalization variables (i.e., social, economic, political and over all globalization indexes) from the existing globalization and corruption literature. We also included four more control variables, including trade openness level, poverty level, inflation rate and FDI inflows in order to check the robustness of our findings. In this regard, the empirical estimation results of fixed time effect models depict that all globalization indicators (excluding political globalization indicator) have statistically significant and negative effect on corruption level in OECD countries and this result keeps its validity across two different corruption indicators. In addition to this main finding, it has been seen that an increase in trade openness and poverty level is related to an increase in corruption level while inflation rate and foreign direct investment inflows are negatively associated with corruption level.
Corruption in International Business: Does Economic Globalization Help?
Global Business Review, 2018
While many studies have shown that increased levels of economic globalization diminish the level of corruption among trading partners, there are studies that have raised doubts against this claim. In this article, we explore this relationship in a large sample of 138 countries and find that the effect of economic globalization on the level of corruption is not significant. The findings, however, are not indicative of the undesirability of economic globalization. In fact, we find that greater levels of economic development are associated with lower levels of corruption. Nevertheless, it does call for some precaution and monitoring as trade openness alone may not be the panacea for controlling corruption and other factors, for example, the importance of building of relevant institutions to curb corruption may need to be considered. Additionally, it is important to identify moderator and mediator variables that may change the strength and direction of the aforementioned relationship. W...
Liberalization and Corruption in Developing Countries: Is there a non-monotonic relationship?
2000
Liberalization increases the number of goods available for consumption within a country. Since consumers, including bureaucrats, value variety, this raises the marginal utility of accepting a bribe. This "benefit effect" is, however, counteracted by an increasing "cost effect" from corruption deterrence activities that arise due to greater international pressure to curb corruption. The interaction of these two effects can lead