ARS: An Adaptive Retransmission Scheme for Contention-Based MAC Protocols in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (original) (raw)
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MACA-APT: A MACA-based Adaptive Packet Train transmission protocol for Underwater Acoustic Networks
In wireless communications, collision is one of the principal sources of energy wastage, which often makes collision avoidance strategies preferred for medium access control (MAC) protocols. In this paper, we propose a collision avoidance-based MAC protocol called MACA-based Adaptive Packet Train (MACA-APT), which has been designed specifically for underwater acoustic networks (UANs). The design explicitly accounts for prominent characteristics of UANs such as long propagation delays and typically high bit error rates. In particular, the former is compensated via the transmission of multiple consecutive packets to multiple different receivers; the latter, instead, is tackled by embedding a cross-layer Stop-&-Wait ARQ scheme within MACA-APT. The performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated via simulations and compared to another MAC protocol, also based on MACA, showing thatMACA-APT achieves better performance for low to intermediate packet generation rates, and equivalent performance at higher rates. Moreover, we assess the impact of the packet train size on the performance of either protocol. This result is a first step towards the design of adaptive multi-packet multi-receiver MAC protocols for underwater networks.
M-FAMA: A multi-session MAC protocol for reliable underwater acoustic streams
2013 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM, 2013
Mobile underwater networking is a developing technology for monitoring and exploring the Earth's oceans. For effective underwater exploration, multimedia communications such as sonar images and low resolution videos are becoming increasingly important. Unlike terrestrial RF communication, underwater networks rely on acoustic waves as a means of communication. Unfortunately, acoustic waves incur long propagation delays that typically lead to low throughput especially in protocols that require receiver feedback such as multimedia stream delivery. On the positive side, the long propagation delay permits multiple packets to be "pipelined" concurrently in the underwater channel, improving the overall throughput and enabling applications that require sustained bandwidth. To enable session multiplexing and pipelining, we propose the Multi-session FAMA (M-FAMA) algorithm. M-FAMA leverages passively-acquired local information (i.e., neighboring nodes' propagation delay maps and expected transmission schedules) to launch multiple simultaneous sessions. M-FAMA's greedy behavior is controlled by a Bandwidth Balancing algorithm that guarantees max-min fairness across multiple contending sources. Extensive simulation results show that M-FAMA significantly outperforms existing MAC protocols in representative streaming applications.
CFDAMA-SRR: A MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
IEEE Access
Underwater acoustic sensor networks are an enabling technology for many applications. Long propagation delays and limited bandwidth of the acoustic channel place constraints on the trade-off between achievable end-to-end delay, channel utilisation and fairness. This paper provides new insights into the use of the Combined Free/Demand Assignment Multiple Access (CFDAMA) schemes. CFDAMA can be classified as Adaptive TDMA where capacity is usually assigned on demand. CFDAMA with round robin requests (CFDAMA-RR) is shown to minimise end-to-end delay and maximise channel utilisation underwater. It sustains fairness between nodes with minimum overhead and adapts to changes in the underwater channel and time-varying traffic requirements. However, its performance is heavily dependent on the network size. The major contribution of the paper is a new scheme employing the round robin request strategy in a systematic manner (CFDAMA-SRR). Comprehensive event-driven Riverbed simulations of a network deployed on the sea bed show that CFDAMA-SRR outperforms its underlying scheme, CFDAMA-RR, especially when sensor nodes are widely spread. Considering node locations, the novel scheme has a bias against long delay demand assigned slots to enhance the performance of CFDAMA-RR. Illustrative examples show good agreement between analytical and simulation results.
DC-MAC: A data-centric multi-hop MAC protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks
2011 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), 2011
Due to the unique characteristics of long signal propagation, high error rate and low bandwidth in the underwater environment, the design of the medium access control (MAC) protocol for underwater acoustic networks poses significant challenges. The previous MAC protocols designed for flexible communication models have limited achievements in performance. In this paper, we consider a practical application and propose a data-centric multi-hop MAC protocol, called DC-MAC, to enhance the performance on throughput and average end-to-end packet transmission delay. Our design uses multi-channel strategy to limit transmission interference by creating multiple collision domains, and dynamic collisionfree polling strategy to offer efficient protocol handshake. We analyze the saturation throughput performance and conduct extensive simulation experiments to study the throughput and delay performance. Comparing to slotted FAMA which is a potential MAC protocol candidate for the same environment, our results show that DC-MAC outperforms its peer.
2008
Unlike the terrestrial wireless networks that utilize the radio channel, underwater networks use the acoustic channel, which poses research challenges in the medium access control (MAC) protocol design due to its low bandwidth and high propagation delay characteristics. Since most of the MAC protocols for wireless terrestrial networks have been designed with negligible propagation delay in mind, they generally perform poorly when applied directly in underwater acoustic networks, especially for the case of handshaking-based protocols. In this paper, we propose a MACA-based MAC protocol with packet train to multiple neighbors (MACA-MN). It improves the channel utilization by forming a train of packets destined for multiple neighbors during each round of handshake, which greatly reduces the relative proportion of time wasted due to the propagation delays of control packets. This approach also reduces the hidden terminal problem. Our simulations show that the MACA-MN is able to achieve much higher throughput than the MACA protocol.
Comparative Analysis of MAC Protocols and Strategies for Underwater Applications
Wireless Personal Communications, 2016
This research focuses on the comparison of the throughput performance of MAC protocols designed for underwater acoustic networks. Our emphasis was to study the key features of the existing MAC protocols for underwater acoustic communications and provide analytical analysis where feasible. We compared some selected underwater MAC protocols like UAN-ALOHA, CSMA, MACA, MACA-EA and S-FAMA and analyzed their throughputs. We chose to evaluate possible improvements in the throughput of S-FAMA by using the retry mechanism. We found the retry mechanism only showed marginal improvement in the throughput. The proposed mechanisms may not have practical efficacy, however, this mechanism may be helpful in saving energy of the sensor nodes by preventing the repetition of the entire transmission cycle.
Slotted FAMA: a MAC protocol for underwater acoustic networks
2006
Long propagation delays and low bit rates of underwater acoustic networks make these systems fundamentally different from the packet radio networks. As a consequence, many of the network protocols designed for radio channels are either not applicable, or have extremely low efficiency over underwater acoustic channels. These facts necessitate a dedicated design of protocols for an underwater acoustic network.
Article Multi-Hop-Enabled Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
2016
Abstract: In multi-hop underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs), packet collisions due to hidden and local nodes adversely affect throughput, energy efficiency and end-to-end delay. Existing medium access control (MAC) protocols try to solve the problem by utilizing a single-phase contention resolution mechanism, which causes a large number of control packet exchanges and energy overhead. In this paper, we introduce a MAC protocol that splits this single-phase contention resolution mechanism into two phases to provide efficient multi-hop networking. In the first phase, local nodes are eliminated from the contention, and in the later phase, the adverse effects of hidden nodes are mitigated. This two-phased contention resolution provides higher energy efficiency, better throughput and shorter end-to-end delay, and it also enables adaptability for different network architectures. A probabilistic model of the proposed protocol is also developed to analyse the performance. The propos...
Multi-Hop-Enabled Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 2015
In multi-hop underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs), packet collisions due to hidden and local nodes adversely affect throughput, energy efficiency and end-to-end delay. Existing medium access control (MAC) protocols try to solve the problem by utilizing a single-phase contention resolution mechanism, which causes a large number of control packet exchanges and energy overhead. In this paper, we introduce a MAC protocol that splits this single-phase contention resolution mechanism into two phases to provide efficient multi-hop networking. In the first phase, local nodes are eliminated from the contention, and in the later phase, the adverse effects of hidden nodes are mitigated. This two-phased contention resolution provides higher energy efficiency, better throughput and shorter end-to-end delay, and it also enables adaptability for different network architectures. A probabilistic model of the proposed protocol is also developed to analyse the performance. The proposed protocol has been evaluated through quantitative analysis and simulation. Results obtained through quantitative analysis and simulation reveal that the proposed protocol achieves significantly better energy efficiency, higher and more stable throughput and lower end-to-end delay compared to existing protocols, namely T-Lohi and slotted floor acquisition multiple access (S-FAMA).
T-Lohi: A New Class of MAC Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
2008
This paper introduces T-Lohi, a new class of distributed and energy-efficient media-access protocols (MAC) for underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWSN). MAC design for UWSN faces significant challenges. For example, acoustic communication suffers from latencies five orders-ofmagnitude larger than radio communication, so a naive CSMA MAC would require very long listen time resulting in low throughput and poor energy efficiency. In this paper, we first identify unique characteristics in underwater networking that may affect all MACs, such as space-time uncertainty and deafness conditions. We then develop T-Lohi employing a novel tone-based reservation mechanism that exploits space-time uncertainty and high latency to detect collisions and count contenders, achieving good throughput across all offered loads. It employs our low-power wake-up receiver to significantly reduce energy consumption. Finally, we evaluate design choices and protocol performance through extensive simulation. The results show that the energy cost of packet transmission is within 3-9% of optimal, that our protocols achieve good channel utilization, within 30% of the theoretical maximum. We also show that our protocols are stable and fair under both low and very high offered loads.