TRAFFICKING OF CHILDREN IN INDONESIA a preliminary description of the situation (original) (raw)
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Trafficking women and children in Indonesia
A c know l e d g e m e n t s A c know l e d g e m e n t s A c know l e d g e m e n t s A c know l e d g e m e n t s A c know l e d g e m e n t s So many people assisted in the development of this book that it would be impossible to name all of them. However, a few deserve special mention for their substantial contributions. Thank you to Dian Heryasih, Martha Widjaja, and Sulistyowati for their tireless work in finding background materials and locating documents and information. Special thanks also to Marjon Kuijs for her assistance in writing and editing many of the case studies included in this report; and to Jeremy Gross for writing the section on Indonesia's economic and social context. Thank you to the many dedicated staff of the Ministry for Women's Empowerment and the Coordinating Ministry for People's Welfare for their enthusiastic response to combat trafficking of women and children and their support for the ICMC and Solidarity Center program. We also would be remiss in not thanking the many people from government and from civil society in Bali, Central Java, East Java, East Kalimantan, Jakarta, Lampung, North Sumatra, North Sulawesi, Riau, West Java, West Kalimantan, and West Nusa Tenggara, who took time from their busy schedules to meet with us and share with us important information about trafficking in their regions. A special thanks also to our local partners who shared with us critical information about trafficking and continue to combat trafficking through counter trafficking projects in their regions. A complete list of these organizations and descriptions of their programs can be found in Appendix D.
International Cooperation to Handle Child Trafficking in Indonesia
International journal of innovative research and development, 2022
Introduction Child Trafficking is a crime of trafficking and human exploitation, where the victims are mostly women and children, who are often regarded as weak creatures. Child Trafficking is also one of the transnational organized crimes because it involves many countries and parties in the country of origin and recipient countries, so it becomes a factor in the continued occurrence of child trafficking crimes. Child trafficking has been going on in West Nusa Tenggara for a long time. The child trafficking case has been going on for quite a long time and has even grabbed international attention. Indonesia is one of the countries with quite a lot of Child Trafficking cases (Tutut Restu Indahsari, 2020). To handle child trafficking cases in Indonesia, UNICEF established the NPAs (National Plan of Action for the Elimination of child trafficking) program implemented with programs related to efforts to address child trafficking in Indonesia (Obi N.I. Ebbe, 2008). From the establishment of NPAS (National Plan of Action for the Elimination of child trafficking) in 2002 to 2007, the implementation was formed by the existence of programs related to handling child trafficking in Indonesia (CAHYANINGTYAS, 2017). Some of the efforts made by UNICEF in handling child trafficking cases in Indonesia include the establishment of Law No. 37/1997, Law No. 21/2007, Law No.23/2002, and the establishment of RPSA (Temporary Child Protection House) (Oktadewi, 2018). The case of child trafficking in Indonesia is like an iceberg phenomenon where on the surface, it looks a little bit, but many cases are not exposed. According to data from the National Police CID in 2011-2013 regarding reports of trafficking cases in Indonesia, it was stated that: In 2011, there were 205 cases with 221 female and male adult victims, as well as 87 children, In 2012, there were 192 cases with 220 female and male adult victims and 72 child victims, and In 2013, there were 93 female and male adult victims and 63 child victims (Siti Nurjanah Boy Ericson Siahaan, 2015). 2. Research Method The results of the study were not obtained through other calculation procedures or statistical tables, trying to understand and explain the meaning of an event of human behaviour interaction. However, in this qualitative research method, there are possible obstacles that will be experienced by researchers, the possibility that researchers cannot get
a study of child trafficking (2).docx
Article 21 and 23 of the Constitution guarantees protection of life and personal liberty and prohibits trafficking among human being . Section 21 of Immoral Trafficking act enables the state government to maintain protective homes for the victims of trafficking . Juvenile Justice act (2000) protects children in need of care and protection which includes the child who is found vulnerable and is likely to be inducted into trafficking. It also empowers the state government to constitute Child Welfare Committees to look into matters of Children in need of care and protection . Research suggests that despite various legal provisions existing on rehabilitating the victims of trafficking the experience of rescue and rehabilitation have not been encouraging. Victims are housed in sub human conditions and they are not provided basic facilities like Counselling or medical treatment. My research will focus on a few districts in west Bengal specifically Kolkata, South 24 Parganas , Jalpaiguri, Sundarbans . It further aims to study whether self regulatory boards and Swamsiddha model has been successful in combating trafficking. It will analyse whether provisions of Immoral Trafficking Prevention act has been effectively used which punishes the traffickers and not the victims . It further aims to study whether child care centres, observation or special homes established by government and nongovernmental organization have sufficient facilities to rehabilitate the victims of child trafficking Methodology – The methodology that i will use will be interviews, participant observation, case studies and focus group discussions with stakeholders. The stakeholders will be school teachers , members of panchayats , police officers including officers of the lowest rank , members of Juvenile Justice Boards , employees of nongovernmental organizations , journalists , lawyers , academicians . My research will focus on a few districts in west Bengal specifically Kolkata, South 24 Parganas , Jalpaiguri, Sundarbans . It further aims to study whether self regulatory boards and Swamsiddha model has been successful in combating trafficking. It will analyse whether provisions of Immoral Trafficking Prevention act has been effectively used which punishes the traffickers and not the victims . It further aims to study whether child care centres, observation or special homes established by government and nongovernmental organization have sufficient facilities to rehabilitate the victims of child trafficking Methodology – The methodology that i will use will be interviews, participant observation, case studies and focus group discussions with stakeholders. The stakeholders will be school teachers , members of panchayats , police officers including officers of the lowest rank , members of Juvenile Justice Boards , employees of nongovernmental organizations , journalists , lawyers , academicians .
EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR)
This paper discusses the challenges in the fight against human trafficking in Indonesia. Despite Indonesian central government's commitment and international assistance to eradicating human trafficking since 2000s, the number of cases of human trafficking remains significantly high. Field research was conducted on the anti-trafficking enforcement in three provinces in Indonesia, i.e. West Java, West Kalimantan, and East Nusa Tenggara, through depth interviews and archive studies. After series policies in a few decades since 2000s, the crime still persistently recurring and inflicted more than 8,000 victims. The arguments of this paper are centred on three key propositions. First, victims of trafficking in persons from Indonesia were mostly involved voluntarily in the initially illegal international migration as workers. Most cases of human trafficking in Indonesia are part of the excess of international migration flow, particularly in Asia where pull and push factors apply. Second, social awareness of the crime and its dangers is low and undermined for the potential financial gain from the migration. Third, government's policy focused mainly on intercepting illegal migration to cope with human trafficking, which proven to be less than effective so far. A more comprehensive policy that includes institutional control and collaboration, and community-based development is thus needed.
Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, 2017
Child trafficking is alarming in Indonesia. The country is recognized as a country of origin, transit and destination for victims of trafficking in children. Many of Indonesian young girls are trafficked to Southeast Asia, East Asia, the Middle East, as well as trafficked to Australia, North America, and Europe. Many of the victims are subjected to sexual exploitation and servitude. In addition, domestic trafficking in children is also a major issue within Indonesia. The victims are subject to violations of human right, unsafe working conditions, and sexual abuse. Considering current legislations on criminal act of trafficking in children is not capable of providing a comprehensive and integrated legal basis for the eradication of the crime, the Government of Indonesia enacted the current legislation: i.e., Law No. 21 of 2007. Today, every person involved in trafficking in persons shall be punishable by a prison sentence of a minimum period of 3 (three) years and a maximum of 15 (f...
Trafficking in human beings is turning to be a “glocal” phenomenon - subject to increasing international attention in recent years and continuing to be a local development concern. Several domestic anti-trafficking initiatives both by the government and non-government organizations have been spawned in the Philippines. While there is a wealth of documented experience, research, and analysis on sex work and sex trafficking of women and children that cover a spectrum of trafficking issues: trends; causes; abusive practices; and policy and program interventions by multilateral institutions, states, and NGOs certain gaps remain. A rapid assessment on child trafficking in eight selected sites (Bask Pardo, Bulacao, Cansaga, Lamac, San Roque, Tangke, Labogon, and Umapad was conducted to gather baseline information on the incidence and prevalence of child trafficking in these area. The study mainly used the community organizing and participatory action research (COPAR) approach in the study. The narratives showed that it cannot be divorced from the specific characteristic of feminization that has been widely acknowledged globally with women and children not only trafficked for sexual exploitation, but also for other types of work. Actual reported cases of trafficking were not documented in the study. It relied mainly on the anecdotal reports of the research participants. The level of awareness on child trafficking varied across sites as gleaned from the information shared by the participants on the subject matter of child trafficking. In all the study areas, there were intermittent cases of domestic violence, incest, rape, drug addiction, pornography and other violent forms of child abuse. These put children in greater risk of trafficking as a result of their psychological and emotional trauma. Moreover, prostitution as a form of abuse is also a high-risk factor in child trafficking. There is no single reason why children are trafficked (UNICEF 2009) but rather a wide range of factors and layers of vulnerabilities related to children as individuals, their families, and the socio-economic context in which they live. These factors may be directly experienced by children who are abused or forced to drop out of school. There are also family-related factors such as family breakdown, domestic violence, substance abuse, and neglect. Socioeconomic factors in which a child is living tend to be indistinct and wide ranging, encompassing social norms and attitudes, market forces, economic opportunities or the lack thereof, labour and migration patterns, legal and policy frameworks, influence of peer pressure and the media, such as poverty and lack of education and employment opportunities. There were reported cases on demands for child labor and sex with children. The anecdotal reports used in this study reveal discernable patterns of child trafficking in the eight sites. These patterns can be categorized in relation to the purposes for which children are trafficked and the processes by which they are trafficked. The main purpose for which children are trafficked in the study areas is for sexual exploitation such as through child prostitution or the production of child pornography with sporadic reference to the trafficking of children for the purposes of exploitative labor such as domestic services. Subsequent efforts must be undertaken to gather disaggregated data using community-based mechanisms for data collection in order to generate standard indicators on child trafficking that can be used to establish a national profile.Tackling this difficult technical issue of quantitative data should be simultaneously done with developing evidence-based child protection systems since it offers a more clear-cut conceptual framework that ensures sustainable and better outcomes for children, so that they are protected against all forms of abuse, exploitation, neglect and violence. This calls for the development and strengthening of grassroots legal and policy frameworks and social behavior changes. Direct involvement to sensitize the residents of the barangayis needed to take collective action on the issue of child trafficking. Participation in formal structures and inclusion in formal procedures of planning, implementation, and evaluating community-wide activities relative to the issue is also necessary. Community organizations pave the way for functional community-based planning, implementing and evaluating of child protection programs where these strategies may be adapted such as education and training, networking, mobilization on child protection and development concerns, implementing of livelihood projects, and developing secondary leaders.
Trafficking in Girls With Special Reference to Prostitution: A Rapid Assessment
IPEC, ILO, Geneva, 2001
Unacceptable forms of exploitation of children at work exist and persist, but they are particularly difficult to research due to their hidden, sometimes illegal or even criminal nature. Slavery, debt bondage, trafficking, sexual exploitation, the use of children in the drug trade and in armed conflict, as well as hazardous work are all defined as Worst Forms of Child Labour. Promoting the Convention (No. 182) concerning the Prohibition and immediate action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, 1999, is a high priority for the International Labour Organization (ILO). Recommendation (No. 190, Paragraph 5) accompanying the Convention states that "detailed information and statistical data on the nature and extent of child labour should be compiled and kept up to date to serve as a basis for determining priorities for national action for the abolition of child labour, in particular for the prohibition and elimination of its worst forms, as a matter of urgency." Although there is a body of knowledge, data, and documentation on child labour, there are also still considerable gaps in understanding the variety of forms and conditions in which children work. This is especially true of the worst forms of child labour, which by their very nature are often hidden from public view and scrutiny. Against this background the ILO, through IPEC/SIMPOC (International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour/Statistical Information and Monitoring Programme on Child Labour) has carried out 38 rapid assessments of the worst forms of child labour in 19 countries and one border area. The investigations have been made using a new rapid assessment methodology on child labour, elaborated jointly by the ILO and UNICEF 1. The programme was funded by the United States Department of Labor. The team had many difficult times but also many personally rewarding moments of exchange with survivors of trafficking and key informants. In particular, we wish to thank all the girls who willingly shared many of their worst experiences with us. We also thank the ILO-IPEC team in Kathmandu for their moral and technical support to the research.