Solubility of β-carotene in supercritical carbon dioxide and ethane (original) (raw)
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Fluid Phase Equilibria, 1997
The solubilities of 13-carotene in supercritical carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide have been measured using a dynamic multi-pass flow system. Quantitation was performed by direct injection of an aliquot of the saturated supercritical solution into a high performance liquid chromatograph. Solubility was studied at temperatures of 310, 320, 330 and 340 K and pressures from 9 to 28 MPa. The mole fractions of 13-carotene were in the ranges 10-8-10 -6 mol mol -~ in carbon dioxide and 10-7-10 -5 mol mol -l in nitrous oxide. The results were compared with data from the literature. The discrepancies observed within the various studies are discussed regarding the method used for dissolution and for quantitation. The solubility data were correlated by a density-based equation as proposed by Chrastil, and modeled by using the Peng-Robinson equation of state. Because of the inaccuracy of the model when the critical parameters of the solute were estimated from group contributions, the data were regressed considering the interaction coefficient kij, the critical pressure and the sublimation pressure of 13-carotene as adjustable parameters. © 1997 Elsevier B.V.
The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2006
Carotenoids such as -carotene are gaining interest in the food industry due to their nutritional and antioxidant properties. Understanding the solubility behavior of carotenoids in supercritical CO 2 (SC CO 2 ) is fundamental for any industrial supercritical process application and design. Solubility of -carotene was measured in both a binary and a multicomponent complex system. Solubility of -carotene in the binary system was measured using a quartz crystal microbalance technique at temperatures of 40 and 50 • C and pressures ranging from 120 to 200 bar. Solubility of -carotene in the multicomponent complex system was determined from dynamic extraction experiments using a laboratory-scale supercritical extraction system. Carotenoids were extracted from freeze-dried carrots with SC CO 2 at temperatures of 40 and 50 • C and pressures ranging from 120 to 327 bar. -Carotene solubility values for the binary system measured herein and reported in the literature are of the order of 10 −7 mole fraction while the solubility values for the multicomponent complex system (-carotene extracted from carrots with SC CO 2 ) under the same conditions are 5-10 times smaller. Solubility in both systems increased with temperature and pressure. The difference in the solubility values obtained using both systems is mainly due to the matrix effects of the multicomponent complex system such as the cell structure and the interactions of -carotene with other components such as carbohydrates in the carrot matrix.
2013
Prediction of solubility in SuperCritical CO2 (SC-CO2) as a function of system pressure (P) and temperature (T) aids selection of process condition for extraction processes. Several equations have being used to correlate solubility as a function of P and T, but best-fitting procedures typically demand a large set of experiments. Previously, other groups have developed semi-empirical models to predict solubility of different compounds in SC-CO2. Our objective is to develop a semi-empirical model to predict the solubility of carotenoids in SC-CO2 under different pressure and temperature conditions, using a small set of descriptors obtained from their equilibrated 3D structure. Experimental solubility of selected carotenoids in SC-CO2 at different pressure and temperature was used to build the model, using their solubility parameters according to Chrastil equation. Descriptors were calculated from the solute structures after molecular dynamic simulations in implicit CO2, from which car...
Solubility of β-Carotene from Crude Palm Oil in High-Temperature and High-Pressure Carbon Dioxide
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2009
The solubility of -carotene from crude palm oil using a phase equilibrium loading recirculating highpressure-type apparatus at temperatures of (353.2, 373.2, and 393.2) K was studied. The experimental data showed that the mole fraction solubility of -carotene was 2.27 · 10 -2 at a temperature of 393.2 K and at pressure of 5.4 MPa. The experimental data were compared with a set of theoretical data that was calculated using the regular solution theory model (RSTM). The theoretical data showed that the RSTM was able to correlate the solubility of -carotene from crude palm oil in carbon dioxide. The mole fraction solubility of -carotene based on the RSTM was 5.30 · 10 -3 at temperature of 393.2 K and at pressure of 3.3 MPa.
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering , 2020
For the first time, the solubility of β-carotene in pure and ethanol-modified subcritical water (SW) using the static method was determined. The experimental runs were performed at a temperature ranging from 298.15 to 403.15 K and 0-10% (w/w) of ethanol as a modifier at a constant pressure of 5 MPa. Samples were analyzed by UV-vis spectrophotometer. The solubility of β-carotene was found to range from 1.084 × 10 −8 to 227.1 × 10 −8 mol fractions in the subcritical water in above mentioned conditions. The obtained β-carotene solubility data were correlated using the linear model and modified Apelblat model. The obtained results showed the modified Apelblat model was better for estimating the solubility of β-carotene in SW. The values of the rootmean-square deviation (RMSD) between experimental and correlated data were calculated and used as the index of validity and accuracy for the model. Also, thermodynamic properties of the solution such as the Gibbs free energy of solution, enthalpy, and entropy of solution were estimated.
Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2009
BACKGROUND: Supercritical antisolvent (SAS) micronisation of synthetic trans-β-carotene was studied using tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvent and supercritical carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as antisolvent, with the objective of increasing its bioavailability and facilitating its dispersion in oil and emulsion formulations as a result of its smaller particle size. The micronised powder was analysed by scanning electron microscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography. Micronisation experiments were performed in order to evaluate the effects of temperature (308.15-333.15 K), pressure (6.5-13 MPa) and concentration of the liquid solution (6-9 g L −1 ). The effect of the supercritical CO 2 /THF flow ratio in the range between 4 and 44 (on a mass basis) was also analysed. Determinations of equilibrium concentrations of β-carotene in the CO 2 /THF mixture were also performed.
The Open Chemical Engineering Journal, 2010
The objective of this work was to investigate the application of supercritical carbon dioxide as antisolvent for the co-precipitation of -carotene and poly(hydroxybutirate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) with dichloromethane as organic solvent. For this purpose, the concentrations of -carotene (1 to 8 mg.cm -3 ) and PHBV (20 to 40 mg.cm -3 ) in the organic solution were varied keeping fixed temperature at 313 K, pressure at 8 MPa, solution flow rate at 1 cm 3 .min -1 and antisolvent flow rate at 39 g.min -1 . The morphology of co-precipitated particles were spherical with very irregular and porous surface for some conditions and very smooth surfaces for others as verified by micrographs of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Results show that it is possible to achieve encapsulation efficiency values as high as 35 % just manipulating the concentration ratio of solute to polymer in organic solution. The methodology adopted for the quantification of -carotene encapsulated was demonstrated to be adequate.
Biotechnology Progress, 1991
Solids precipitation from liquid solvents, with dissolution by high-pressure COz as an antisolvent to create supersaturation, is a potentially attractive crystallization process. Solids can be recrystallized and easily isolated from the liquid solvent. The gas antisolvent solvent (GAS) process was used to separate and purify &carotene from a mixture containing carotene oxidation products. Total 8-carotene was successfully separated from oxides, and an enriched trans-@carotene was obtained from its cis isomers. The separation was carried out in both batch and continuous modes. Relative solubility of the analytes and the antisolvent (COZ) have a dramatic influence on the absolute yield and purity of the product.
Engineering Journal, 2018
The crystallization of -carotene through supercritical antisolvent process with carbon dioxide (CO2) as an antisolvent has been demonstrated. The experiments were conducted at temperatures of 40-60 o C and pressures of 10-14 MPa at a constant CO2 flow rate. As a starting material, -carotene powder was dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM). Results of UV-vis spectrophotometry and GC-MS analysis showed that there was no remaining DCM solvent in the -carotene particles products. It showed that CO2 has successfully removed DCM from -carotene particles products. The product characterization by using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the CO2 solvent did not impregnate to the -carotene particles products. Results from scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the -carotene particles products were successfully prepared in plate-like shape morphologies with size around 1 m.
The Journal of …, 2008
The objective of this work was to investigate the application of the solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS) technique for the precipitation of pure -carotene and copolymer poly(3hydroxybutirate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), as well as some encapsulation tests of the solute in the biopolymer. The following parameters were investigated in the precipitation of pure -carotene: pressure (8.0 and 12.0 MPa), anti-solvent flow rate (20-40 mL/min) and concentration of -carotene in an organic dichloromethane solution (4 and 8 mg/mL). For pure -carotene, the results showed that the mean particle size varied from 3.8 to 246.8 m, depending on the processing conditions. The morphology of -carotene was modified from plate-like to leaf-like particles, as verified by micrographs of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). For the PHBV precipitation, the SEM micrographs showed that for all experimental conditions the morphology of polymer was different from the unprocessed material. The precipitated polymer presented a quasi-spherical shape with interconnected particles in the sub-micrometric range (particle size in the range of 278-570 nm), while the unprocessed material was composed of films and large blocks. The co-precipitation tests showed that the best ratio of -carotene to PHBV in solution was 1:3 (w/w), which resulted in approximately 80% of encapsulation. Fluid phase behavior of the ternary systems CO 2 + dichloromethane + -carotene and CO 2 + dichloromethane + PHBV was also investigated with the aim of elucidating the region of the phase diagram in which the precipitation occurs. Phase equilibrium data were measured in the temperature range of 303-343 K, with CO 2 compositions ranging from 40 to 90 wt% for -carotene, and from 30 to 90 wt% for PHBV. Vapor-liquid and also solid-vapor-liquid phase transitions were observed in the phase equilibrium study. It was observed that the presence of -carotene or PHBV in the ternary mixture had a little influence on the fluid phase behavior of the systems.