Evaluation of groundwater suitability for domestic, irrigational, and industrial purposes: a case study from Thirumanimuttar river basin, Tamilnadu, India (original) (raw)
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Environmental Earth Sciences, 2016
Groundwater is widely used for various purposes over the world. To investigate the quality of groundwater for domestic and agricultural purposes in a mountainous tourist town of China, nine groundwater and three river water samples were collected during June 2015 for analysis of major ions (K ? , Na ? , Ca 2? , Mg 2? , HCO 3-, SO 4 2-, Cl-, and CO 3 2-), pH, total dissolved solids, electric conductivity, and total hardness. The sources of major ions were discussed in detail by correlation analysis and bivariate diagrams. Sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, soluble sodium percentage, permeability index, and Kelley's ratio were applied for irrigation water quality assessment. Physiochemical parameters were also compared with the WHO and national standards for domestic purpose. The results demonstrate that both groundwater and river water are fresh water. The abundance of cations in collected water samples is Ca 2? [ Na ? [ Mg 2? [ K ? , while that of anions is HCO 3-[ SO 4 2-[ Cl-. All major ion concentrations except CO 3 2in groundwater are higher than those in the river water because of more contacts with rocks and more mineral dissolution in the groundwater. Groundwater in the study area is mainly of SO 4 ÁCl-CaÁMg type and HCO 3-CaÁMg type, and river water is of SO 4 ÁCl-CaÁMg type. Groundwater and river water in the study area are both controlled mainly by rock weathering. The dissolutions of halite, carbonates, and silicates, as well as cation exchange and human activities such as fertilizer application in agriculture, geothermal bathing, and tourism are drivers for the variation of major ions in the water. Groundwater is generally suitable for domestic uses except some local samples experiencing low pH and high hardness. Both groundwater and river water in the study area are suitable for irrigation. Land irrigated rationally with such water will have no salinity and alkali hazards.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2010
Hydrogeochemical investigations had been carried out at the Amol-Babol Plain in the north of Iran. Geochemical processes and factors controlling the groundwater chemistry are identified based on the combination of classic geochemical methods with geographic information system (GIS) and geostatistical techniques. The results of the ionic ratios and Gibbs plots show that water rock interaction mechanisms, followed by cation exchange, and dissolution of carbonate and silicate minerals have influenced the groundwater chemistry in the study area. The hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater show a shift from low mineralized Ca-HCO 3 , Ca-Na-HCO 3 , and Ca-Cl water types to high mineralized Na-Cl water type. Three classes, namely, C 1 , C 2 , and C 3, have been classified using cluster analysis. The spatial distribution maps of Na + /Cl − , Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ , and Cl − /HCO 3 − ratios and electrical conductivity values indicate that the carbonate and weathering of silicate minerals played a significant role in the groundwater chemistry on the southern and western sides of the plain. However, salinization process had increased due to the influence of the evaporation-precipitation process towards the north-eastern side of the study area.
International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering, 2020
Resulting from insufficient supply of potable water and risk of possible contamination from anthropogenic sources, 14 samples were collected from wells at Ajakanga and environs in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria, in order to determine the shallow groundwater quality and desirability for drinking purposes. Physical parameters such as pH, EC, and TDS were measured at site using a combined EC, TDS and pH meter. Major ions analyzed included Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + , NO 3-, Cl-, HCO 3 and SO 4 2-. The anions were measured using titrimetric method, and analyzed by Genesys 2.0 Spectrophotometer, while the cations were analyzed using the flame photometry method. The hydrochemical data were subjected to a series of statistical analysis and conventional graphical plots. Results showed that all the chemical parameters analyzed, excepting Clfall within the World Health Organization permissible limit for drinking water. The shallow groundwater is therefore fit for drinking purposes. Cations concentration in the water is in the order of Ca>Mg>Na>K, while for the major anion HCO 3 >Cl>SO 4 >NO 3. Scatter plots and Gibbs diagram showed that the cations were released into the water as a result of weathering of the underlying basement rocks. Trilinear Piper diagram indicated two water facies in the area, with CaHCO 3 water being dominant, while CaMgHCO 3 is subordinate. Application of Chloro Alkaline Indices and the Ca/HCO 3 ratio indicated that reverse ion exchange reaction is responsible for the dominance of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ in the waters.
Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2019
Groundwater quantity and quality are equally important for the sustainable management of water resources in coastal parts of the world. Therefore, it is essential to study the geochemical mobility of ions in groundwater and their spatial variation in western coastal part of Maharashtra, India. A total of sixty-five (65) groundwater samples were collected from different dug and bore wells and spring samples and subjected to physicochemical analysis using standard methods of APHA. The analytical results inferred that groundwater is acidic to alkaline in nature. The order of abundance of ions in the groundwater samples is Ca 2+ > Na + > Mg 2+ > K + and HCO 3 − > Cl − > SO 4 −2 >NO 3 − > F −. The piper trilinear diagram reveals that the ground water is of Ca-HCO 3 and mixed Ca-Cl-HCO 3 types. Gibbs diagrams indicate rock and precipitation dominance which is controlling the groundwater chemistry. As compared with World Health Organization drinking standards, groundwater is good for drinking; however, a few samples surpass the desirable limit of pH, HCO 3 and F. Similarly, suitability of groundwater for irrigation purpose is also studied using USSL diagram, SAR and %Na and it was found that all groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation purpose, showing good to excellent quality. Conversely, Kelley's ratio suggests that 78.47% of water samples are unsuitable for irrigation. Multiple linear regressions model is used for predicting the fluoride content and confirming the efficiency of the proposed model based on R (0.72) and RMSE (0.035) values. Furthermore, correlation analysis, cluster and principal component analysis were performed to find the significant parameters that influence groundwater chemistry. The cluster analysis explored that all the parameters are associated with EC and PCA which shows four factors are found to be significant which influenced groundwater chemistry.
Applied Water Science, 2015
The present study on geochemical evolution of groundwater is taken up to assess the controlling processes of water chemistry in the Western Delta region of the River Godavari (Andhra Pradesh), which is one of the major riceproducing centers in India. The study region is underlain by coarse sand with black clay (buried channels), black silty clay of recent origin (floodplain) and gray/white fine sand of modern beach sediment of marine source (coastal zone), including brown silty clay with fine sand (paleo-beach ridges). Groundwater is mostly brackish and very hard. It is characterized by Na ? [ Mg 2? [ Ca 2? :HCO 3-[ Cl-[ SO 4 2-[ NO 3-, Na ? [ Mg 2? [ Ca 2? :Cl-[ HCO 3-[ SO 4 2-, and Mg 2? [ Na ? [ Ca 2? [ or \ K ? :HCO 3-[ Cl-[ or [ SO 4 2facies. The ionic relations (Ca 2? ? Mg 2? :HCO 3-, Ca 2? ? Mg 2? :SO 4 2-? HCO 3-, Na ? ? K ? :TC, Na ? ? K ? :Cl-? SO 4 2-, HCO 3-:TC, HCO 3-: Ca 2? ? Mg 2? , Na ? :Cland Na ? :Ca 2?) indicate that the rock weathering, mineral dissolution, evaporation and ion exchange are the processes to control the aquifer chemistry. Anthropogenic and marine sources are also the supplementary factors for brackish water quality. These observations are further supported by Gibbs mechanisms that control the water chemistry. Thus, the study suggests that the initial quality of groundwater of geogenic origin has been subsequently modified by the influences of anthropogenic and marine sources.
Applied Water Science
Shallow groundwater is an essential resource for domestic, agricultural, and small-scale industrial uses in Lagelu in Oyo State, Southwestern Nigeria. A total of 20 representative groundwater samples were collected from different hand-dug wells and analyzed for the major cations, anions, and heavy metals to establish their suitability for drinking and irrigation. Geospatial variation maps of the major cations and anions were produced using the inverse distance weighted algorithm. The results of the respective concentrations of pH, TDS, EC, HCO3−, NO3−, SO42−, Cl−, PO42−, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Zn2+, Cu+, Pb2+, and As+ except Fe2+ are within the recommended range set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Industrial Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). Based on the hydrogeochemical facies, the groundwater belongs to Na+–K+–Cl−–SO42−, and Ca2+–Mg2+–Cl−–SO42− water types. Gibb’s diagram shows that the interaction of rocks and water dominate the processes that contro...
Hydrogeological investigation of groundwater has been performed within Kasra-Nukhaib district (west Iraq). The physicochemical analyses of the groundwater samples collected from Um Erdhuma-Tayarat aquifer are used in determination of hy-drogeochemical processes, hydrochemical facies, hydrochemical ratio, and saturation indices supported by phreeqc software. The monitoring network of groundwater quality consists of twelve physiochemical variables in twenty four water wells were determined, aiming to examine the hydrogeo-chemical phenomena which are benefit in groundwater development and support the plans of future uses (exploitation) and groundwater management. A hydrogeological model was prepared to examine qualitative evaluation of aquifers media related to geochemical processes. Spatial hydro-chemical bi-models were achieved for quantitative interpretation. Various graphical plots such as Piper, Durov, and Gibbs diagrams are used in proving different geo-chemical processes. The results are correlated with standards classifications to deduce the hydrogeo-chemical phenomena. The results showed that the groundwater of Um Erdhuma-Tayarat aquifer has a property of Carbonate weathering represents the major hydrogeochemical processes. In addition, ion exchange and reverse ion exchange were two possible processes of water-rock interaction (e.g. dolomitization processes) within the hydrogeologic system. Also, the evaporation process and mixing action of recharge vadose waters, and ancient trapped fossil waters have a moderate effect on the evolution of groundwater quality. An increased salt content is observed in groundwater at different static water levels indicating mixing with various sources. The mechanism controlling groundwater chemistry is originally related to geogenic process. In addition, anthropogenic activities have not significantly altered 1157 the geochemical nature of groundwater in the aquifers system.
Sustainable water resources management, 2024
This study was designed to deal with the identification of the hydrogeochemical and anthropogenic processes controlling the evaluation of groundwater chemistry in the Ellala catchment covering about 296.5 km2 areal extent. The chemical analysis revealed that the major ions in the groundwater are Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ (cations) and HCO3 −, PO4 3−, Cl−, NO3 − and SO4 2−(anions), and most of the groundwater samples (68.42%), revealed that the groundwater in the catchment is non- alkaline in nature, and the solid materials and liquid wastes discharged from different sources could be the main sources for pH and EC in the groundwater in addition to the aquifer material contribution. It is observed that the EC of the groundwater is fairly correlated with the DTS which indicates that highly mineralized water is more conductor than water with low concentration. The degree of salinity of the groundwater is increased along the groundwater flow path from east to west and is high surrounding Mekelle City due to the liquid and solid wastes discharged from the city and the industries. The groundwater facies in the catchment predominated with calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate and the groundwater type is mainly Ca–Mg–HCO3 and Mg–Ca–HCO3. The main geochemical processes controlling the evolution of the groundwater chemistry in the catchment are rock–water interaction, particularly carbonate dissolution and reverse ion exchange due to the clay layer in the aquifer. Non-significant silicate weathering and halite dissolution also contributed to the evolution of groundwater chemistry in the catchment. The groundwater in the catchment is dominated by the meteoritic origin although it needs further groundwater chemistry study with isotope dating analysis. The groundwater is in an undersaturated state with the calcite, dolomite, and aragonite minerals where the further dissolution of these minerals is going in the groundwater. The main source of calcium and magnesium in groundwater is the dissolution of carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite) since carbonate rocks are the dominant aquifer materials in the catchment. In addition to this, the weathering of dolerite rock is also a possible source of magnesium ions. The relatively higher concentration of sodium over chloride indicates the source for sodium ion is reverse ion exchange and/or weathering of sodium-bearing materials (such as shale and dolerite) rather than halite dissolution. The high concentration of phosphate, nitrate, and chloride in the groundwater is the main anthropogenic source that needs treatment and groundwater quality control and management in the catchment. From the Base Exchange index analysis, it is noticed that the groundwater in the catchment is dominated by the meteoritic origin, although it needs further groundwater chemistry study with isotope dating analysis
Environ Earth Sci, 2014
Systematic monitoring of subsurface hydrogeochemistry has been carried out for a period of one year in a humid tropical region along the Nethravati-Gurupur River. The major ion and stable isotope (d 18 O and d 2 H) compositions are used to understand the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater and its interaction with surface water. In the study, it is observed that intense weathering of source rocks is the major source of chemical elements to the surface and subsurface waters. In addition, agricultural activities and atmospheric contributions also control the major ion chemistry of water in the study area. There is a clear seasonality in the groundwater chemistry, which is related to the recharge and discharge of the hydrological system. On a temporal scale, there is a decrease in major cation concentrations during the monsoon which is a result of dilution of sources from the weathering of rock minerals, and an increase in anion concentrations which is contributed by the atmosphere, accompanied by an increase in water level during the monsoon. The stable isotope composition indicates that groundwater in the basin is of meteoric origin and recharged directly from the local precipitation during the monsoonal season. Soon after the monsoon, groundwater and surface water mix in the subsurface region. The groundwater feeds the surface water during the lean river flow season.
Major ion chemistry of shallow groundwater of a fast growing city of Central India
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Nagpur City located in semiarid area of central India is a fast-growing industrial centre. In recent years, rapid development has created an increased demand for drinking water, which is increasingly being fulfilled by groundwater abstraction. The present study was undertaken to assess major ion chemistry of shallow groundwater to understand geochemical evolution of groundwater and water quality for promoting sustainable development and effective management of groundwater resources. A total of 47 water samples were collected from shallow aquifer of selected parts of the city and the water chemistry of various ions viz. Ca2 + , Mg2 + , Na + , K + , CO 3,2−_{3}^{\ \, 2-}3,2− , HCO 3,−_{3}^{\ \, -}3,− , Cl − , SO 4,2−_{4}^{\ \,2-}4,2− and NO 3,−_{3}^{\ \,-}3,− are carried out. The chemical relationships in Piper diagram identify Ca–HCO3–Cl and mixed Ca–Na–HCO3–Cl as most prevalent water types. Alkaline earth exceeds alkalis and weak acids exceed strong acids. Ionic ratios and Gibb’s diagram suggest that silicate rock weathering and anthropogenic activities are the main processes that determine the ionic composition in the study area. The nitrate appeared as a major problem of safe drinking water in this region. We recorded highest nitrate concentration, i.e., 411 mg/l in one of the dug well. A comparison of groundwater quality in relation to drinking water quality standards revealed that about half of the shallow aquifer samples are not suitable for drinking.