Antibiotics Resistances: Past, Present and Future-Review paper (original) (raw)

REVIEWARTICLE Resistance to Antibiotics: Are We in the Post-Antibiotic Era?

2005

Serious infections caused by bacteria that have become resistant to commonly used antibiotics have become a major global healthcare problem in the 21st century. They not only are more severe and require longer and more complex treatments, but they are also significantly more expensive to diagnose and to treat. Antibiotic resistance, initially a problem of the hospital setting associated with an increased number of hospital-acquired infections usually in critically ill and immunosuppressed patients, has now extended into the community causing severe infections difficult to diagnose and treat. The molecular mechanisms by which bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics are diverse and complex. Bacteria have developed resistance to all different classes of antibiotics discovered to date. The most frequent type of resistance is acquired and transmitted horizontally via the conjugation of a plasmid. In recent times new mechanisms of resistance have resulted in the simultaneous develop...

A Review on Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2022

Antibiotics are miracle cures for fighting microorganisms. Treatment for bacterial illnesses is now available thanks to antibiotics. When antibiotics were first developed in the 1900s, it was believed that humanity had defeated microorganisms, but researchers have discovered that antibiotic resistance is rising at a concerning rate. Unfortunately, societal and economic circumstances, as well as the abuse and misuse of antibiotics in recent decades, have spread the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Both humans and animals are universally at risk from the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which is typically unavoidable. Furthermore, several studies found a link between antibiotic resistance and a higher risk of prolonged hospital stays and mortality, underscoring the significant clinical and financial costs of this phenomenon. At least 7000000 people worldwide currently pass away each year as a result of antimicrobial resistance. By 2050, the World Health Organization projects that this number could reach 10 million, underscoring the seriousness of the health issue. The world health organization coined the phrase "No action today, no cure tomorrow" in 2011 in response to the alarming epidemiological data, in order to quickly implement a new strategy to improve the use of currently available drugs and accelerate the introduction of new ones through a new phase of research involving private and public institutions. This review's objectives are to describe, the methodology to identify the resistant bacteria, their mechanisms of resistance, issues brought on by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, potential solutions, and future advancements. The information from the literature implies that there is still little knowledge about the prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, educating patients and the general public is crucial to combat antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotics and Bacterial Resistance in the 21st Century

Perspectives in Medicinal Chemistry, 2014

Dangerous, antibiotic resistant bacteria have been observed with increasing frequency over the past several decades. In this review the factors that have been linked to this phenomenon are addressed. Profiles of bacterial species that are deemed to be particularly concerning at the present time are illustrated. Factors including economic impact, intrinsic and acquired drug resistance, morbidity and mortality rates, and means of infection are taken into account. Synchronously with the waxing of bacterial resistance there has been waning antibiotic development. The approaches that scientists are employing in the pursuit of new antibacterial agents are briefly described. The standings of established antibiotic classes as well as potentially emerging classes are assessed with an emphasis on molecules that have been clinically approved or are in advanced stages of development. Historical perspectives, mechanisms of action and resistance, spectrum of activity, and preeminent members of ea...

New perspectives on antibiotic resistance

Romanian Medical Journal, 2019

Antibiotics are considered to be "miracle" drugs responsible for controlling microbial infections. Over the years, multiple varieties of antibiotics have been used, both for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, especially in the industrial and food sector. This has caused microorganisms resistant to different classes of antibiotics. The purpose of this article is to present the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance, but also the challenges that current society faces after the excessive use of these drugs.

Antibiotic Resistance: A Rising Threat

Antibiotics and similar drugs, together called antimicrobial agents, have been used for the last many years to treat patients who have infectious diseases. The treatment of bacterial infections is increasingly complicated because microorganisms can develop resistance to antimicrobial agents, since the first usage of antimicrobials, the resistance among bacteria has progressively increased and has accelerated within the last 10 yea rs. This is largely due to the increasing presence of pathogenic microorganisms with resistance to previous antibiotic agents, resulting in the administration of improper treatment, not only in humans but also in companion and food animals and the environment which has caused the rise in antibiotic resistance. Although efforts are being made in all the areas, there is an urgent need to increase the effectiveness of these interventions or some bacterial infections will become difficult if not impossible to t reat reliably.

Antibiotic resistance: A current epilogue

The history of the first commercial antibiotics is briefly reviewed, together with data from the US and WHO, showing the decrease in death due to infectious diseases over the 20th century, from just under half of all deaths, to less than 10%. The second half of the 20th century saw the new use of antibiotics as growth promoters for food animals in the human diet, and the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st saw the beginning and rapid rise of advanced microbial resistance to antibiotics.

A Review on Antibiotic Resistance: Alarm Bells are Ringing

Cureus, 2017

Antibiotics are the 'wonder drugs' to combat microbes. For decades, multiple varieties of antibiotics have not only been used for therapeutic purposes but practiced prophylactically across other industries such as agriculture and animal husbandry. Uncertainty has arisen, as microbes have become resistant to common antibiotics while the host remains unaware that antibiotic resistance has emerged. The aim of this review is to explore the origin, development, and the current state of antibiotic resistance, regulation, and challenges by examining available literature. We found that antibiotic resistance is increasing at an alarming rate. A growing list of infections i.e., pneumonia, tuberculosis, and gonorrhea are becoming harder and at times impossible to treat while antibiotics are becoming less effective. Antibiotic-resistant infections correlate with the level of antibiotic consumption. Non-judicial use of antibiotics is mostly responsible for making the microbes resistant. The antibiotic treatment repertoire for existing or emerging hard-to-treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections is limited, resulting in high morbidity and mortality report. This review article reiterates the optimal use of antimicrobial medicines in human and animal health to reduce antibiotic resistance. Evidence from the literature suggests that the knowledge regarding antibiotic resistance in the population is still scarce. Therefore, the need of educating patients and the public is essential to fight against the antimicrobial resistance battle.

Delving Into Antibiotic Resistance: The Why, How, And When

IVT Network, 2021

In recent times, antibiotic resistance of pathogens to drugs (antibiotics) directed towards the degrading properties of microbes in vivo has been on the increase both in the community and in the hospital. Antibiotics are exceptionally vital in clinical medicine for the treatment of bacterial related infections, but unfortunately bacteria are capable of developing resistance to them. Antibiotic resistance is a global health problem that has bedeviled our health sector worldwide, affecting both the developed and developing countries of the world. They make infectious diseases very difficult to treat. The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a complex problem that is driven by many interconnected factors, of which the use and misuse of antimicrobial agents (antibiotics, antiseptics, disinfectants, and preservatives) amongst other factors, is the main driving force for the development of resistance. There is therefore a need to step up the process of discovering and developing novel antibiotics that will be stable to the evolving resistance nature of microbes. Reference: Sandle, T. (2021) Delving Into Antibiotic Resistance: The Why, How, And When, IVT Network, 12th August 2021, at: https://www.ivtnetwork.com/article/delving-antibiotic-resistance-why-how-and-when