Phthalates' releasing pattern in low pH beverages of fermented milk, fruit juice, and soft drink packaged in plastic bottles (original) (raw)
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Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid esters, also known as phthalates, are commonly used in the productions of plastics such as polyvinylchloride (PVC) plastics, non-polymers and adhesives. Phthalates are ubiquitous compounds which are difficult to measure in drinks and foods containing trace level. Phthalates have been associated with developmental alteration and endocrine disruption. This study was aimed at identifying and quantifying concentrations of four different phthalates namely; Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and diphenyl phthalate (DPhP), in plastic Coca-Cola soft drink purchased from five different strata or locations of University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane was used for the extraction of the phthalates, followed by cleaned up in a silica gel column. This was followed by high performance liquid chromatographic analysis (HPLC) for quantification. The linear range of the HPLC calibration curve was 0 mg/L to 10 mg/L with a mean correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.998 and the percentage recovery was between 56 and 106%. This result indicated that DEHP had the highest concentration of 11.52±3.31 μg/mL. Heat and longer storage of plastic soft drinks increased the content of leached phthalates in the drinks; therefore consumers of plastic packaged drinks should desist from frequent intake to avoid chronic toxicity of phthalate esters.
This work is an attempt to monitor the most recent hazards of phthalate(s) in bottled drinking water recently consumed in Egyptian markets. A simple and reliable method using GC-MS was validated and applied to detect the most common phthalate esters used in the manufacturing of different sizes of bottles of drinking water. Data of method validation showed that the linear range of the GC-MS calibration of the concentrations of 25, 50 & 100 ug/ ml, had a mean correlation coefficient of 0.991 ± 0.016. The detection limit was < 25 ng./ ul. and the recovery percentages were 90.6 6.9 depending upon the type of phthalate congener. An experimental nested classification design, include the variables of 3 different commercial brands of bottled water in 3 different bottle sizes (1, 3 & 5 liters) stored at 3 different time that, all the random collected samples of the 3 different brands were proved to be phthalate(s)-free at the intervals of 1 and 3 months of production date. By advancing storage time, traces of di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and din- octyl phthalate (DOP) were determined in small and medium bottled samples of 2 of the tested brands at the interval of 6 month storage. It's worthy to mention that the common used plasticizers had only commercial names with no reference to the contents and/ or the percentages of its components of phthalate esters, which makes the process of inspection or tracing the contaminants very difficult. Thus, further work is recommended to confirm the relation between storage period, temperature and the released phthalate congeners.
Phthalate residues in plastic packaged milk and dairy products.
This study aims to search for the organic lipophilic of phthalates in plastic packaged pasteurized milk and the dairy products of fermented milk "Rayeb" and Domuatti cheese, locally produced and marketed in Cairo of Egypt. A pre-validated method using GC-MS was applied to detect the residues of the 6 phthalate congeners commonly used as plasticizers in bottles and food containers manufacturing. Such plasticizers are intentionally added to enhance the technical and industrial properties of the plastic containers used in food industry.
Facts about phthalate toxicity in humans and their occurrence in alcoholic beverages
Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology
Phthalates are esters of phthalic acid and aliphatic alcohol added to plastic to improve its softness, flexibility, and extensibility. They easily migrate from plastic products into the environment because of their physical and chemical properties. This review summarises their characteristics, distribution in the environment, monitoring, use, toxic effects on human health, regulatory limits in different matrices and products, and tolerable daily intake. The studies we have reviewed suggest that phthalates have a potential to affect reproduction and development in humans. Due to the inconsistent data, further studies are needed and, in the meantime, precautionary policies must be implemented. Here we draw attention to the methods of determining phthalate levels in alcoholic beverages and reported levels in plum spirits produced in Croatia. Legally produced and moderately consumed plum spirits do not seem to increase the risk of phthalate toxicity for human health. We conclude with re...
Phthalate esters (PAEs) also known as plasticizers, are used to improve flexibility in a variety of food packaging, including plastic containers, beverage bottles, and bags. PAEs are endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) that can have serious consequences on human health. The purpose of this study is to investigate the leaching of PAEs from plastic packaging into several juice brands (n = 225), including citrus fruit juices, berry fruit and mixed fruit juices, and stone fruit juices. To clean the juices, a silica gel-packed column was used. In addition, plastic bottles were characterized by FTIR, which confirms the presence of PAEs by evaluating the aromatic esters and C-H wagging peaks at 1713 cm-1 and 722 cm-1 respectively. Furthermore, DSC analysis of juice bottles revealed distinct Tg and Tm values for juice bottles that are amorphous. All of the liquids were acidic, with pH levels ranging from 2.25 to 3.73. According to chromatographic analyses, mixed fruit juices had the most ...
Environmental Health Engineering and Management
Background: There are many concerns about the migration of phthalates into bottled water. These compounds are hazardous to consumers. In this study, the risk factors of the use of various brands of drinking water bottled in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers under different storage conditions were examined. Methods: Phthalate esters were measured and analyzed using air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (AALLME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Subsequently, the risk of exposure to the desired compounds was evaluated by calculating the risk factor and excess cancer risk. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 24 software. Results: The average concentration of phthalate esters (DEHP, DBP, DIBP, DEP, and DMP) after 5 and 15 days of storage at incubator temperature of 42°C, and after 15, 45, and 75 days at incubator temperature of 25°C by increasing the initial level of the conditions was 7.28, 8.99, 1.78, 5.6, 6.45, and 8.55 ppb, respectively...
IJSR, 2021
Phthalate easters are known endocrine disrupter and possible carcinogen. Studies have carried out in different countries to investigate possible migration of phthalate easters into packaged drinking water and beverages and resultant toxic effect on human health. This study aimed to determine the level of phthalate migration into bottled drinking water, manufactured commercially in India and to identify a possible relationship between the amount and type of phthalate migration. Eight phthalate easters were investigated. The analysis included 375 samples (75 sets of 5 bottles each from 5 manufacturers, having same batch numbers and manufacturing dates) of drinking water packed in 1-Litre bottles made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The samples were incubated and analyzed at the Centre of Mass Spectrometry (Analytics Department) of the CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad on Agilent 6420 QQQ MS/MS system coupled to Agilent 1290 UPLC pump and Thermo TSQ Altis coupled to Thermo RSLC 3000 system at room temperature (270 C) and two temperatures of extreme conditions representing refrigeration temperature (40 C) and summer outdoor temperature (450 C) at the interval of 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 days, 180 days (6 months) being the projected self-life for bottled drinking water in India. Of eight investigated phthalate esters, Di-butyl Phthalate (DBP) was detected in 94% and Di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) in 80% of samples analyzed. The highest migration of 0.0027 mg/l was recorded from PET bottles to drinking water forDBP,followedby0.0024mg/lforDiBP.DEHP(Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate)wasdetectedin40%ofsamplesetswithmaximumconcentration of 0.0006 mg/l. DPP (Di-pentyl phthalate) was detected in the least number of samples (21.3%) and its maximum concentration observed was 0.0004 mg/l. Migration of all eight investigated esters were detected in drinking water samples stored for 180 days at the three temperature conditions. In other temperature and storage conditions, frequency of detection varied between 0-66%. This study did not account for the factors like source of raw water, manufacturing process, PET types (virgin or recycled), and composition, etcetera. This is probably reected in widely varied standard deviation. The phthalate levels measured in these samples pose no risk for human health considering reference dose determined by USEPA, EU and FSSAI, for daily oral exposure to the human population. Nevertheless, the accumulation of small individual quantity taken with time may increase the lifelong phthalate exposure and eventually threaten the exposed person's life. Further studies with larger sample size and variants may be desirable. Also, drinking water quality standards needs to be revisited to include all signicant phthalate esters.
2021
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of contact time on the level of phthalates in polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-bottled water commercially available on the market. Different water types (drinking water, mineral water, and sparkling water) in PET bottles and mineral water in glass bottles were collected. Control (before bottling) and freshly produced (0-month) samples were collected at manufacturing sites. In contrast, samples at 6, 12, and 18 months of contact times were collected randomly from hypermarkets and supermarkets in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The samples were analyzed using LC-MS/MS with deuterated DEHP as the internal standard. DEHP, DMP, DEP, DnOP, and BBP were not detected in drinking, mineral, and sparkling water in both PET and glass bottles. However, DBP was detected within the range of 0.68 to 1.11 ng/mL for mineral water and 0.55 to 0.59 ng/ mL for drinking water in PET bottles. All types of phthalates, including DBP, were not detected in the control and 0-mont...