Metabolic Disorders and Cancer : Hepatocyte store-operated Ca2+ channels in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (original) (raw)

Abstract

In steatotic hepatocytes intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is substantially altered compared to normal. Decreased Ca2+ in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can lead to ER stress, an important mediator of the progression of liver steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, type 2 diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma. Store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCs) in hepatocytes are composed principally of Orai1 and STIM1 proteins. Their main role is the maintenance of adequate Ca2+ in the lumen of the ER. In steatotic hepatocytes, store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is substantially inhibited. This inhibition is associated with a decrease in Ca2+ in the ER. Lipid-induced inhibition of SOCE is mediated by protein kinase C (PKC) and may involve the phosphorylation and subsequent inhibition of Orai1. Experimental inhibition of SOCE enhances lipid accumulation in normal hepatocytes incubated in the presence of exogenous fatty acids. The anti-diabetic drug exendin-4 reverses the lipid-induced inhibition of SOCE, and decreases liver lipid with rapid onset. It is proposed that lipid-induced inhibition of SOCE in the plasma membrane and of SERCA2b in the ER membrane lead to a persistent decrease in ER Ca2+, ER stress, and the ER stress response, which in turn enhances (amplifies) lipid accumulation. A low level of persistent SOCE due to chronic ER Ca2+ depletion in steatotic hepatocytes may contribute to an elevated cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration leading to the activation of calcium-calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII), decreased lipid removal by autophagy, and insulin resistance. It is concluded that lipid-induced inhibition of SOCE plays an important role in the progression of liver steatosis to insulin insensitivity and hepatocellular carcinoma.

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