ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF PLANT EXTRACTS OF OCIMUM SANCTUM L (original) (raw)
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Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, 1970
Countries like Nepal and India have been using crude plants as medicine since Vedic period. A major part of the total population in developing countries still uses traditional folk medicine obtained from plant resources (Farnsworth 1994). With an estimation of WHO that as many as 80% of worlds population living in rural areas rely on herbal traditional medicines as their primary health care, the study on properties and uses of medicinal plants are getting growing interests. In recent years this interest to evaluate plants possessing antibacterial activity for various diseases is growing (Clark and Hufford, 1993). Based on local use of common diseases and Ethnobotanical knowledge, an attempt has been made to assess the antibacterial properties of selected medicinal plants.VIZ. Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Origanum majorana (Ram Tulsi), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Dalchini), and Xanthoxylum armatum (Timur), for potential antibacterial activity against 10 medically important bacterial strains, namely Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas spp, Proteus spp, Salmonella Typhi, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysentriae, Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts was determined by agar well diffusion method. The plant extracts were more active against Gram-positive bacteria than against Gram-negative bacteria. The most susceptible bacteria were B. subtilis, followed by S. aureus, while the most resistant bacteria were E.coli, followed by Shigella dysenteriae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi. From the screening experiment, Origanum majorana showed the best antibacterial activity; hence this plant can be further subjected to isolation of the therapeutic antimicrobials and pharmacological evaluation. The largest zone of inhibition was obtained with Xanthoxylum armatum against Bacillus subtilis (23mm) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value of 2.5 mg/l was obtained.
I In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful II DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains neither materials previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the university or other institutes, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text. ABSTRACT The aim of the study was assess the antibacterial effect of some medicinal plant extracts and their synergistic antibiotic and non-antibiotic drugs against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extract of medicinal plants were prepared using Soxhlet apparatus for alcoholic extract, and water reflux for aqueous extracts. The antibacterial activities of extracts were evaluated using the disk diffusion method as well as well diffusion method; the inhibitory zones were recorded in millimeters. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant extracts against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were assessed using microdilution method. The synergistic effect between plants and extraction of antibiotics and / or Non-antibiotic drugs was assessed using disk diffusion method. The results of this study showed that ethanolic extracts used against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were showed antimicrobial and synergistic effect with most antibiotics better than methanolic and aquatic extracts.Water extracts were showed synergistic effect with the Paracetamol and Loperamide Hcl better than methanolic and ethanolic extracts against E. coli and S. aureus. Ethanolic extracts were showed synergistic effect with the Paracetamol and Loperamide Hcl better than methanolic and aquatic extracts against P. aeruginosa. The results of this study showed that there is a decrease in MIC in case of methanolic extract of E. camaldulensis against E. coli (3.125 mg/ml), and the methanol and aquatic extract of F. sycomorus (leaves) against S.aureus varying from 6.25 to 3.125 mg/ml, and the ethanol extract of E. camaldulensis against P. areuginosa (6.25 mg/ml). Thereby, our results indicate the possibility of using these extracts in the treatment of bacterial infections, and the results of this study was encouraging, despite the need for clinical studies to determine of the real effectiveness and potential toxic effects in vivo. These results was revealed the importance of plant extracts when associated with antibiotic and Non-antibiotic drugs in control of bacteria.
Antibacterial Effects of Ocimum Sanctum L Leaves, Flowers and Shoots against Bacillus Spp from Soil
Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2014
In this study, the antibacterial activity of various organic solvent extracts of Ocimum sanctum L leaves, flowers and shoots was determined in vitro using agar diffusion method and MIC tested against the isolated soil bacteria. The identified bacteria were Paenibacillussp. L32, Paenibacillussp. BF38, Bacillus megaterium, Terribacillussp. 3LF, Bacillus simplex and Bacillus cereus. Various organic extracts of Ocimum sanctum L revealed a good antibacterial activity against about all bacteria. Results showed that the best extract was methanol because highest inhibition zone were obtained by this extract and all studied bacteria were inhibited. At a concentration of 500 µg/disc, the highest microbial inhibition was found 19.2±.76 mm against Bacillus simplex for methanol extract, 15.7±0.58 mm on Terribacillus sp. 3LF for ethanol extract of flower, 14.0±2.0 mm on Terribacillus sp. 3LF for ethanol extract of leaves, 13.34±0.58 mm on Bacillus megaterium for nhexane extract and 11.7±0.6 mm on Terribacillus sp. 3LF for chloroform extract, respectively and MIC (64, 128, 256 and 512 µg/ml, respectively). Most of the cases, antibacterial activity with commercial antibiotics such as amoxicillin and erythromycin, organic extracts exhibited similar or higher antibacterial activity than standard drug. The results of this study suggest that the organic extracts of Ocimum sanctum L leaves can be a source of natural antimicrobial agents with potential applications.
Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous, Ethanol and Acetone Extracts of <i>Ocimum sanctum</i> Linn
American Journal of BioScience, 2015
Aqueous, ethanol and acetone leaf and root extracts of Ocimum sanctum Linn were investigated for their antibacterial activities at various concentrations against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using standard methods. Antimicrobial studies indicated that both the acetone leaf and root extracts of O. sanctum were found comparatively more effective against these bacteria than any other extract tested while aqueous extract being the least effective against the tested microbes. The highest mean zone of inhibition of acetone leaf extract against P. aeruginosa was 20.74± 0.68 followed by 19.36± 0.29 at concentration 150mg/ml and 100 mg/ml respectively. The aqueous and ethanol root extracts of O. sanctum for had no inhibitory effect against the test microorganisms. Generally the acetone crude extracts showed activity against the three bacteria species with highest average zone of inhibition compared to other extracts. The antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract was more pronounced against test microbes than root extract. The study revealed that the plant possessed antimicrobial properties and could be a potential source of antibacterial agent in the treatment of bacterial infections.
Advances in Life Science and Technology, 2016
The aim of the study was to assess the antibacterial effect of some medicinal plant extracts and their synergistic antibiotics against Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The extract of medicinal plants were prepared using Soxhlet apparatus for alcoholic extract, and water reflux for aqueous extracts. The antibacterial activities of extracts were evaluated using the disk diffusion method as well as well diffusion method; the inhibitory zones were recorded in millimeters. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant extracts against E. coli , S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were assessed using microdilution method. The synergistic effect between plants and extraction of antibiotics was assessed using disk diffusion method. The results of this study showed that ethanolic extracts used against E. coli , S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were showed antimicrobial and synergistic effect with most antibiotics better than methanolic and aquatic extracts. ...
Antibacterial Effect of Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Tulsi)
The medicinal plants are widely used by the traditional medical practitioners for curing various diseases in their day to day .In traditional system of medicine, different parts (leaves, stem, flower ,root, seed and even whole plant) of Ocimum sanctum Linn.(known as tulsi) were used. Euginol is the active constituent present in ocimum sanctum L.. Ocimum sanctum is effective against E.coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas pyocyaneus and Vibro cholerae with in specified contact time. It is responsible for the therapeutic potential of tulsi. It is found that Ocimum sanctum L. possess antifertility, anticancer, antifungal, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, cardio protective, antimicrobial, anti spasmodic, analgesic and diaphoretic action. It is effective against E.coli and shows increase in antibacterial activity with in increase in concentration and specific contact time .After 30 minutes contact time, herb Ocimum sanctum shown better antibacterial activity against Ocimum sanctum. Herb Ocimum sanctum showed no variation in antibacterial activity after 30 minutes, 1 hr. and 2 hours contact time against E.coli. Specific antibacterial activity of Ocimum sanctum against known bacteria under in-vitro condition is observed i.e. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for E.coli, Salmonella typhi and Vibro cholerae is 2mg/ml.
The antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals was evaluated with antibiotic susceptible and resistant microorganisms. In addition, the possible synergistic effects when associated with antibiotics were studied. Extracts from the following plants were utilized: Achillea millifolium (yarrow), Caryophyllus aromaticus (clove), Melissa offficinalis (lemon-balm), Ocimun basilucum (basil), Psidium guajava (guava), Punica granatum (pomegranate), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Salvia officinalis (sage), Syzygyum joabolanum (jambolan) and Thymus vulgaris (thyme). The phytochemicals benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, eugenol and farnesol were also utilized. The highest antimicrobial potentials were observed for the extracts of Caryophyllus aromaticus and Syzygyum joabolanum, which inhibited 64.2 and 57.1% of the tested microorganisms, respectively, with higher activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria (83.3%). Sage and yarrow extracts did not present any antimicrobial activity. Association of antibiotics and plant extracts showed synergistic antibacterial activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The results obtained with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was particularly interesting, since it was inhibited by clove, jambolan, pomegranate and thyme extracts. This inhibition was observed with the individual extracts and when they were used in lower concentrations with ineffective antibiotics.
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2019
Ocimum sanctum has a rich and fanciful history known since the Vedic age for its immense curative and multipurpose utility. The phytochemical results show the presence of Amino Acid, Carbohydrate, Phenol and Terpenoids in all the four solvent extracts of the O. santum. Except Aqueous extract of the plant all other extracts show the positive results for alkaloids, Coumarin, Flavonoids and Glycoside. Saponin is present in the benzene and water solvent extracts of O. sanctum. The four solvent extracts are showing the absence of following phytochemical's such as Tannins, Phlobatanins, Quinones and Anthocyanin. The higher concentration Acetone extract, Benzene extract, Methanol extract and Water extract of the O. sanctum show the activity against the tested pathogens by the following order from the highest zone of inhibition P. aeruginosa (8.5 mm), S. typhi (5 mm) and E. coli (3.5 mm) for Acetone extract, E. coli (4 mm) only for Benzene extract, whereas P. aeruginosa (14 mm), S. typhi (8 mm) and E. coli (7 mm) for Methanol extract and there is no activity for the water extract for all the three pathogens were observed. The antioxidant activity of the O. sanctum solvent extracts was high to Methanol followed by Benzene, Acetone, Water extracts. The results of the study indicate that the Ocimum sanctum possesses phyto-constituents having antibacterial activity thus it can be utilized as a natural plant based antimicrobials.