Geochemical and quality assessment of groundwater in some Nigerian basement complex (original) (raw)
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BSc Thesis, 2009
The insufficient availability of water supply in communities along Olowo – Irele road, Ondo State Nigeria, has made corporate establishments and individuals show much interest in groundwater development in the area, but mostly without the pre-requisite sanitation measures. The study was informed by the need for precautionary principles to stem environmental calamities. Hydrochemical parameters of groundwater samples from 5 boreholes and 5 wells across the area were used to analyse the water quality and heavy metal distribution which was used to classify into two groups. The results show that pH (5.5-7.8), TH (38-154), TDS (2-495), Ca2+ (14-420), Mg2+ (12-240), Na+ (16-72), K+ (5-90), Pb2+ (0.003-0.013), Cl- 24.85-342.58), SO42- (3-25), Cd2+ (0.001-0.007), NO3- (3-41), Fe+ (0.108-0.472), Cu2+ (0.011-0.194) and Zn2+ 0.356-1.132) rang below the World Health Organization (1999) guidelines required for drinking water in the samples from the zone classified type A. the concentrations of Ec (100-2900), Coliform count (0.22-0.56) and Mn2+ (1.077-7.098) however exceed the recommended limit for drinking water in the samples from the zone classified as type B. The study identified climate, sedimentary deposits and aquifer lithology as the principal components of groundwater chemistry in the area. Groundwater in type A zone is suitable for domestic purpose while appropriate remediation is required for groundwater in the type B zone.
Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, 2019
A total of five borehole samples were collected from five towns in Owerri metropolis, South-eastern Nigeria and subjected to physio-chemical analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and other standard equipment with the aim of characterizing and analysing the groundwater quality indicators. These quality indicators are namely: pH, temperature, total hardness, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-, Fe2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, and Cr2+. With the aid of geochemical diagrams acquired using Aquachem 2014.2, we classified the groundwater samples into their respective hydrogeochemical facies, identified their relative similarity and demonstrated the irrigability of the groundwater. The results showed that the groundwater quality indicators occur in the groundwater in amounts that fall within their respective permissible limits as set by World Health Organization (WHO) Drinking Water Standard, and therefore ascertained the groundwater portable and suitable for drinking. The pH of the groundwater has a mean value of 6.7 with a standard deviation of 0.26. The relative abundance of the majority of cations follows this sequence - Na+ > Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+, while that of the anions follow this sequence - HCO3- > Cl- > SO42- > NO3-. Heavy metals constituents of the groundwater follow this order of relative abundance - Zn2+ > Fe2+ > Mn2+ > Cu2+ > Cr2+ > Pb2+. Three hydrogeochemical facies were identified in the area and they are: the Na+—Cl- water type, the Mixed Ca2+-Na+-HCO3- water type and the Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3- water type. Great similarities were identified between the geochemical composition of the samples and they are all evidently suitable for irrigation purposes. The TDS level and concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl- demonstrated the freshness and softness of the groundwater, with no laxative effects. From series of computations and plots, silicate weathering and seawater intrusion were deduced to be the dominant factors controlling the groundwater chemistry, though there is evidence of poor rock dissolution – immature water-rock equilibrium.
Applied Water Science, 2021
Sixty-seven (67) groundwater samples from different land use areas such as dumpsites, industrial, markets and residential all within Lagos, southwest Nigeria, were sampled and sent to ACME Laboratories, Ontario, Canada, for geochemical analysis to determine some essential and toxic elements using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer method. The purpose was to establish baseline values for the geochemical composition of groundwater in some parts of Lagos as well as the health risk assessment. Based on essential elements, 83%, 80% and 100% of groundwater samples were deficient in Ca, Mg and Se, respectively, while 75%, 10%, 7% and 8% of samples can be categorised as soft, moderately hard, hard and very hard water, respectively. The soft water, as well as different deficiencies in water, had been linked to heart problems, impeded growth, fertility disorders and liver diseases. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni and Fe were higher than recommended standards in 2.94%, 1.5%, 1.5%, 29.4%, 4.4% and 4.7% of groundwater samples, respectively. Groundwater in the study area can be classified between not contaminated (< 1) to very highly contaminated (CI > 5) based on the contamination index. Highly contaminated samples were within dumpsites and industrial areas. The land-use activities have a direct or indirect impact on groundwater quality. The apparent sources of groundwater pollutants include industrial discharge, effluents, leachates and municipal wastes. The result of total health risk index for both ingestion and dermal exposure to water showed values far > 1 for all the toxic elements and generally pose non-carcinogenic health risk hazards for child and adult population in the study area. THI for samples from residential, market, industrial and dumpsites showed mean values of (9.60 and 3.75), (14.17 and 5.37), (9.8 and 3.4) and 95.44 and 37.48) for child and adult population, respectively. The degree of contamination in groundwater showed the following trends: dumpsite > industrial > markets > residential in the study area.
The study is focused on the post impact of oil spill contamination of groundwater in Bassambiri Nembe Bayelsa State. Groundwater samples were sampled from hand dug wells from eight stations including the control point for physico-chemical investigation using sterilized glass bottles. Standard methods were used for the analyses. The result of physico-chemical parameters analyzed shows that the values of the groundwater pH ranged between 5.90-6.35, electrical conductivity between 80.39-89.23 µS/cm, Salinity 23.3-28.69 mg/l, Turbidity 1.71-3.84 NTU, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 1.12-1.36 mg/l, Alkalinity 8.56-12.12 mg/l, Total Hardness 11.8-14.47 mg/l and Temperature 26.1˚C-27.3˚C. Analysis of cations shows that Na ranged from 7.38-10.34 mg/l, K 0.26-0.49 mg/l, Calcium ion levels 2.56-3.59 mg/l and Mg 0.88 mg/l-1.23 mg/l. The anions showed Potassium ion levels ranged from 0.01 mg/l-0.02 mg/l, Chloride ion levels 12.29 mg/l-15.88 mg/l, Fluoride ion levels 0.01 mg/l and Nitrates from 0.27 mg/l-0.48 mg/l. Total Heterotopic Fungi population ranged from 15.26-48.55 Coliform Forming units/ml. The maximum permissible value of total coliforms in drinking water was exceeded. However, the Total Hydrocarbon Concentration (THC) across the groundwater sample points was less than 0.01 mg/l. The concentration of PAH and BTEX was 0.01 mg/l across the study area. The heavy metal concentrations in the groundwater samples were negligible with levels of 0.01 mg/l observed in the study area except for iron ranging from 0.20-0.56 mg/l levels above the WHO permissible limit. The physico-chemical parameters of groundwater indicate that they fall below WHO permissible limits. The cations and anions concentration indicate a stable and healthy water system which is relatively good. The groundwater system has high levels of iron in groundwater and bacterial contamination.
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2022
The hydrochemical properties and groundwater quality assessment of groundwater samples from Kurudu area of Abuja, north central Nigeria, was investigated with the aim to evaluating their suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, and electrical conductivity were analysed. The major cations and anions were also analysed. Hydrochemical facies of the water samples were analysed employing Piper diagram and Gibbs diagram while the suitability of the water for irrigation purposes was assessed using indices such as Kelly's ratio, Sodium percentage ratio, Magnesium hazard, Permeability Index and Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR). The physicochemical parameters of the water samples are within the acceptable limit recommended by WHO (2011). Physiochemical results showed that the dominant cation occur in the order of Ca 2+ > Na + > K + > Mg 2+ with average values of 19.9mg/l, 16.15mg/l, 7.01mg/l and 4.38mg/l respectively, while the dominant anion ranged in the order of HCO3-> Cl-> SO4 2-> NO3with average values of 56.93mg/l, 35.5 mg/l, 8.38mg/l and 3.85mg/l respectively. The dominant hydrochemical facies identified in the samples is the mixed Ca-Mg-Cl which is a result of linear mixing processes of water in the study area. Gibbs plot indicated that ions concentration in the water is primarily contributed by chemical weathering of the rock-forming minerals. Irrigation indices all suggested that the water samples are good for irrigation purposes. Results from the study indicate that, with a few exceptions, water in the study area is suitable for human consumption and irrigation purposes.
NAH CONFERENCE PAPER, 2022
Groundwater from parts of the Crystalline and metasediment terrain of Zamfara State were collected for analyses and evaluation of the human health risk tendencies and pollution status in terms of their heavy metals content. Result showed TDS and EC values to be within the acceptable limits, the water is of less dissolved chemical elements, However, the concentration of major cations revealed Ca 2+ exceeded the K, Na and Mg in water in the order Ca>Na>Mg>K. Heavy metals concentration of water was led by Se with 12 (46%) out of the total samples having their concentration above the standard, the order of dominance given as Se>Ar>Pb>Fe>NI>Mn>Cu>Zn>Co. Computed water quality index (WQI) revealed the water of the study area to be excellent and good for drinking with a values range of 3.3-83.6 which is below the critical standard limit of 100. Evaluated contamination degree Cd and pollution index HPI of groundwater in terms of heavy metals revealed a low contamination and pollution status in 22 (84.6%) and 16 (61.5%) out of the total analyzed water samples, based on computed Cd and HPI values respectively. Calculated Non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals in terms of hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) revealed only Se had a HQ ingestion Adult and HQ Children of 3.45E+01 and 6.891.43 respectively which were very much higher than the >1standard of the USEPA (2004). However, the HI value computed indicated only the HI ingestion Adult was above the standard value >1 with a value of 3.4 through ingestion of Selenium the rest had values of less than 1. Carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater in terms of As, Ni and Pb for both Adult and children showed only the ingestion cancer risks were above the cancer risk limit for both adult and children above 10-04 with values of As (9.94E-05, 1.40E-04), Ni (5.98E-04, 5.98E-04), and Pb (1.64E-03, 2.31E-03) respectively, making the probability of individual taking the water getting cancer high. A periodic groundwater quality evaluation is highly recommended.
An Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Tudun Fulani, Niger State, Nigeria
volume 1, issue 2, 2020
Background: groundwater is the main source of drinking water in Tudun Fulani community in Bosso, Niger State, Nigeria. Objective: this study was conducted to assess the physicochemical and heavy metal characteristics of groundwater used for drinking and other domestic purposes in the area with a view to determining its suitability for these purposes. Method: twelve water samples comprising of seven hand-dug wells and five boreholes were collected from different locations in the area. Physicochemical parameters (pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), total solids (TS), alkalinity, total hardness, chloride) and heavy metals (lead, manganese, copper and iron) contents were determined using standard methods. Results: the results showed that the pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, TSS, TS turbidity, alkalinity, total hardness and chloride ranged between 5.72-7.32, 252.5-1098 μS/cm, 58-11.35 mg/L, 0.001-0.108 mg/L, 1.05-7.33 NTU, 10.60-104.20 mg/L, 26.6-170.2 mg/L, and 28.17-86.9 mg/L, respectively. The heavy metal analysis revealed lead, manganese copper, and iron to range between 0.001-0.009 mg/L, 0.01-0.28 mg/L, 0.010-0.050 mg/L and 0.100-0.430 mg/L, while manganese and lead not detected in one and six of the samples, respectively. Conclusion: the values of the parameters analyzed in this study were below and within the permissible limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) for most of the water samples investigated; hence the groundwater is suitable for drinking and for other life supporting activities. However, only four samples (W 1, W 5 W 6, and W 7) were within the range of 100-300 mg/L set by WHO for total hardness. In addition, the pH values of water samples W 4 , W 5 , B 4 , and B 5 were below the recommended standard, while the electrical conductivity of W 5 , turbidity of W 3 , W 5 and iron contents of W 2 and W 7 were above the maximum limit set by WHO. Therefore, it is recommended that indiscriminate discharge of wastes be checked in locations of W 2 and W 7 as high iron content in drinking water poses serious health risks to the consumers.
GROUNDWATER QUALITY EVALUATION IN PARTS OF UMUCHIMMA, IMO STATE, SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA
International Journal of Advanced Academic Research, 2021
This study was on evaluation of groundwater quality in selected areas using standard analytical methods.Six (6) borehole water samples were collected for laboratory analysis of the physicochemical and biological parameters around Umuchimma. The result obtained show that except for phosphate (3.90mg/L), and pH which was slightly acidic with values ranging from 6.40 to 6.52 and a mean value of 6.45, all other measured parameters were within the acceptable limits as stipulated by the World Health Organization (WHO) 2011 Standard. The mean values for the major cations (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + and K +) were 3.21, 1.18, 6.62 and 1.33 mg/L respectively, while the mean values for the major anions (HCO 3-, SO 4-, NO 3 and Cl-) were 15.56, 4.89, 5.58 and 4.47mg/L respectively. The dominant cation is sodium, while the dominant anion is bicarbonate. The mean values for heavy metals such as Pb 2+ , Zn 2+ and Cu 2+ found in the samples were 0.01, 2.65, and 0.02mg/L respectively. The mean values for heavy metals such as Pb 2+ , Zn 2+ and Cu 2+ found in the samples were 0.01, 2.65, and 0.02mg/L respectively. The presence of the heavy metals found in the samples analysed could be attributed to leachates electronic wastes (Ewaste) contamination from nearby open waste dumpsites. The sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) varies from 0.35 to 0.59 with the mean value of 0.56, indicating that the water is excellent for irrigation purpose. Pollution index (PI) varies from 0.707 to 0.723 with a mean value of 0.715 indicating that water is within the critical value of 1. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) varies from 8.16 to 10.80 mg/L with the mean value of 9.47mg/L. The piper trilinear diagram, Stiff diagram, durov and schoeller diagram confirm that there is a close chemical relationship between the boreholes. However, the dominant cation is sodium + potassium (Na + +K +) and the dominant anion bicarbonate (HCO 3). From the geochemical plot (piper) the water type is sodium bicarbonate type. The plot also indicates that the water is also potable for drinking purpose. The general quality of the ground water can be described as slightly acidic (based on the mean pH value), soft (based on the total hardness value), fresh (based on TDS) and has no laxative effect based the chloride content. However, the pH of the groundwater can be improved further by treating the water using sodium bicarbonate (soda ash).
2013
Water samples from twenty one boreholes were collected within University of Lagos and analyzed for physical proper- ties, trace elements and cations using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Physical analysis of the samples shows slight acidity and alkalinity with 78% of the samples exceeded recommended standards. They can be classified as fresh water based on TDS and EC. Chloride concentrations fall within water standards in most samples while Al, Na, Pb and Br exceeded recommended standards in most samples. Gibbs plot, relationship between total cations, Na + K, Ca + Mg and Cl showed that all the groundwater samples fall in the water-rock interaction field which suggests that the weathering of rocks and influence of sea water primarily controls the major chemistry of groundwater in the area. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) for all the water samples was less than 10 and excellent for irrigation purpose. Only 33% of water samples were suitable for irrigation based on Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) and Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), whereas based on Kellys Ratios (KR) all the water samples were not good for irrigation purpose having KR greater than 1. Fifty percent of the water samples showed pollution index (PI) above 1 with highest contribution (37.8%) from lead (Pb). Mn, Al, Ni, Fe and As contributed 29.3%, 19.13%, 8.66%, 4.25% and 0.82% respectively.
Water Practice & Technology, 2022
This study was carried out to assess the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes by interpreting the hydrochemical species of groundwater samples. Six water samples were collected and assess to determine the concentration of some ions, pollution load index (PLI), contamination factor (CF), water quality index (WQI), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelly ratio (KR) and percentage sodium (%Na). The result revealed that most of the ions have concentrations within the WHO permissible limit for drinking water except biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and Fe 2þ , which exceeded the WHO standard in some samples. The mean abundance of the cations is K þ. Na þ. Ca 2þ. Fe 2þ. Mg 2þ. Mn 2þ , while that of the anions is Cl À. SO 2À 4. HCO À 3. The result reveals that K þ and Cl À are the most abundant cation and anion respectively. CF reveals a low concentration (,1) of So 2À 4 , Cl À K þ , Na 2þ , Ca 2þ , Mg 2þ , and Mn 2þ and high concentration (.1) of Fe 2þ. The values of PLI were very low indicating no pollution. The WQI reveals the samples with excellent (,50) rating, while those above 100 (.100) were rated as poor. The SAR, MH, KR and %Na reveal the groundwater status for irrigation based on the ratings of the indices.