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Polyandry: A Secret form of Misogyny: A Cinematic Overview
The term polyandry came from the Greek word 'Polyandria' derived from 'Poliyandros, made up of "Poly+andr-, ane ̅ r+ia-y" referring to the condition of [a woman] having many men. Director has taken interview of an anthropologist who elaborates that polyandry to signify the marriage of one woman to more than one man. With reference of a letter to Charles Darwin he explains "…it's gives men wives. Till men have wives they may have tastes, but they have no obligations in matters of sex…they would all envy and grieve at the good of their polygynous neighbour. Polygyny then, did not at first give men wives. Wifedom beings with polyandry which is a contract." Whenever the numbers of women are lesser than that of the males, then polyandrous marriages is practiced as hidden manner and it became more prevalent. It is significant that sex ratio constitute an important dimension of any population which also implicates the institution of marriage. In the paper I want to highlight are Indian film makers able to visualise the root of polyandry system through their creations or they able to highlight that why the system is being practised in present Indian context?
The Practice of Polyandry. ANT3KAM
Polyandry, deriving from the Greek, poly ("many") and andros ("men"), refers to a simultaneous pair bond between one female with multiple males. In humans, this pair bond specifically refers to a culturally endorsed, normative marriage practice (Cassidy & Lee 1989, p. 1-2; Starkweather 2010, p. 3). Starkweather adds that, in this rare marriage type, "the simultaneous bond of one woman to more than one man in which all parties involved have sexual rights and economic responsibilities towards each other and towards any children that may result from the union" (2010, p. 12). There is no known society which practices polyandry as its only form of marriage (Trevithick 1997, p. 156). Anthropologists suggest different theories to explain polyandry, including: • an imbalanced sex ratio; • large male contribution to subsistence and economy due to poor resources and harsh environs; and • a high male mortality or absence frequency. Unfortunately, whilst one or more of these theories apply to most cases, there is no overarching theory that applies to every occurrence of polyandry globally. Despite a lack of detailed data on many cultures, the most robust theory is that of a high maleto-female ratio. Different cultures respond to these difficulties as a psychological expression of adaption, unique to their specific needs. Polyandrous cultures show that in all cases, the woman is central to the family unit, which is structured around her. Despite this, there is a general trend amongst nonegalitarian groups to view female work as inferior to that of the male, resulting in low female status within that group. Because of this imbalance, polyandrous husbands are typically required to provide for their wives and children, to provide them with a secure future. Women, in turn, can use this situation, and the inter-personal issues
POLYANDRY AMIDST THE DOMINANCE OF MONOGAMY: AN EXPLORATORY MODEL WITH REFERENCE TO SIKKIM, INDIA
International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 2020
Modern development discourse and modernity, though changing continually, remain uncertain regarding diversity of marital, familial, and related social arrangements. Modernity and marriage as social arrangements accept monogamy as moral backed by legal framework, 'polygyny as reasonable (even enviable)' and covertly accepts polygamy. However, polyandry has been treated as misleading at worst and ambiguous at best. However, irrespective of these interpretations, polyandry has been, in every case, pushed into obscurity. However, the polyandry is still a social reality and does coexist, though among miniscule number of societies, with dominant marriage system of monogamy. An attempt has been made in this paper to verify the sustainability of polyandry in large and precisely in Lachung valley of Sikkim, India that is located in the Eastern Himalayas. Adverse sex ratio emerged as one of key components for the sustenance of polyandry marriage system and given the scarcity of resources, limited opportunity to improve the economic wellbeing and subdivision of property, the polyandry has emerged as biological, economic, and ecological compulsion for the pastoralists of Lachung valley.
Polyandry is the umbrella term for one woman maintaining sexual access to more than one man. This work is a comparison of forty-three societies as examples of the six types of polyandry practiced around the world. In some types, the sexual acts are part of a marriage contract involving three or more people. In some types, the marriage involves only two people, but the sexual access of the wife extends beyond the marriage. In one type, the extra-marital sexual activity is expected, and not entirely voluntary by all parties. This survey is the first to describe all six types with examples of each. Keywords: associated polyandry, familial polyandry, fraternal polyandry, polykoity, secondary polyandry, walking marriage
ANT3KAM Essay: The Practice of Polyandry
2014
Polyandry, deriving from the Greek, poly ("many") and andros ("men"), refers to a simultaneous pair bond between one female with multiple males. In humans, this pair bond specifically refers to a culturally endorsed, normative marriage practice (Cassidy & Lee 1989, p. 1-2; Starkweather 2010, p. 3). Starkweather adds that, in this rare marriage type, "the simultaneous bond of one woman to more than one man in which all parties involved have sexual rights and economic responsibilities towards each other and towards any children that may result from the union" (2010, p. 12). There is no known society which practices polyandry as its only form of marriage (Trevithick 1997, p. 156).
Polyandry Practiced among Jaunsari of Uttarakhand: Scope for Futuristic Study
2014
Man learns his behaviour and behaviour that is learnt denotes his culture. Thus culture is a system of learned behaviour shared by and transmitted among the members of a group and every group have tried to maintain their cultural heritage / uniqueness by the effort to make their culture distant from the others. The most significant task for the students of anthropology is to observe the different cultural systems and to find out the cultural units of distinctive pattern of a culture or group that mark them unique from the rest of the world. Marriage is such a prime cultural unit and at the same time may be viewed as a reference point to locate the diversity and uniqueness of each culture at intra and inter analytical level. In this paper researchers have tried to share their observations regarding polygamous marriage especially polyandrous marriage practiced among the Jaunsari people living at the village of Lakhamandal, state of Uttrakhand.
Matrubhoomi A Nation without Women
Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 and later amendments consider to 'monogamy' as only acceptable form of marriage. Nevertheless in some parts of our country like Himachal, Uttarakhand, Trivankore, Nilgiri, Haryana, Rajasthan, there polyandry marriage system is still being practiced as form of conventional process or due to shortage of brides in marriage markets. While I consider to the parallel films as prism of social reality, because none mainstream cinema and sociology are interrelated with each other and sometimes sociologists use films as prism of society to depict the social realism, so in context of post nineties none mainstream films I want to depict how does polyandry system violates the sexual rights of women.
On Screen Forbidden Relationships: The Depiction of Extramarital Affairs in New Wave Malayalam Films
Communication & Journalism Research, 2014
Movies often duplicate changes in the society and they sometimes persuade changes as well. Recently, controversy on new wave films became the disputed subject of the Malayalam film industry. The issues which were formerly treated as proscribed by the societal order are now boldly exposed before the Malayali viewers with the help of these new experimental movies. Extramarital affairs are always there in our society, but now, it's become common enough that we find examples from our neighbouring circles. A prejudiced society supports men to be a polygamist, but today's independent and bold woman also says she too is capable of all this. The pretence inbuilt in our fascination with stories of affairs in novels, Television and movies where we idolize the experiences of people having affairs, while at the same time pass judgment on people in real life who engage in the same behaviour. On one hand, we go into raptures over monogamy, but on the other, we unintentionally make a payment to a milieu that supports affairs. The present study analyzes how extramarital affairs have been portrayed in three new wave Malayalam movies-Beautiful, Cocktail and Traffic through narrative analysis.