Harnessing biocontrol potential of Trichoderma harzianum for control of Meloidogyne incognita in tomato (original) (raw)
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2021
One indigenous isolate of Trichoderma harzianum (ITCC accession number 6888) which was effective in causing Juvenile mortality in previous lab studies was tested for its bioefficacy against Meloidogyne incognita. Cell Free Filtrate of isolating in petriplate bioassay on pluronic gel exhibited significantly reduced J2 movement towards tomato root at 6h compared to water as a control. Soil application of T. harzianum ITCC 6888 @3% w/w could significantly reduce penetration of root-knot J2. The effectiveness of ITCC 6888 was seen in sterilised and unsterilized soil on tomato cv Pusa Ruby, as the isolate exhibited rhizosphere competence with a significant reduction in root galls, egg mass production, eggs/eggmass and reproduction factor in both sterilised and unsterilized soil. The effects of ITCC 6888 @ 3% w/w talc based formulation were at par with those of carbofuran (1kg a.i/ha) in reducing eggmasses/plant, and the effect of carbofuran was significant in Sterilized Soil but exhibite...
Frontiers in Microbiology, 2020
Meloidogyne is the most damaging plant parasitic nematode genus affecting vegetable crops worldwide. The induction of plant defense mechanisms against Meloidogyne in tomato by some Trichoderma spp. strains has been proven in pot experiments, but there is no information for tomato bearing the Mi-1.2 resistance gene or for other important fruiting vegetable crops. Moreover, Trichoderma is mostly applied for managing fungal plant pathogens, but there is little information on its effect on nematode-antagonistic fungi naturally occurring in soils. Thus, several experiments were conducted to determine (i) the ability of two commercial formulates of Trichoderma asperellum (T34) and Trichoderma harzianum (T22) to induce systemic resistance in tomato and cucumber against an avirulent Meloidogyne incognita population in splitroot experiments; (ii) the effect of combining T34 with tomato carrying the Mi-1.2 resistance gene to an avirulent M. incognita population in sterilized soil; and (iii) the effect of combining T34 with tomato carrying the Mi-1.2 resistance gene to a virulent M. incognita population in two suppressive soils in which Pochonia chlamydosporia is naturally present, and the effect of T34 on the level of P. chlamydosporia egg parasitism. Both Trichoderma formulates induced resistance to M. incognita in tomato but not in cucumber. In tomato, the number of egg masses and eggs per plant were reduced by 71 and 54% by T34, respectively. T22 reduced 48% of the number of eggs per plant but not the number of egg masses. T34 reduced the number of eggs per plant of the virulent M. incognita population in both resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars irrespective of the suppressive soil, and its effect was additive with the Mi-1.2 resistance gene. The percentage of fungal egg parasitism by P. chlamydosporia was not affected by the isolate T34 of T. asperellum.
Journal of Fungi
The nematicidal potential of five filamentous fungi as biological control agents (BCAs) against the root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne javanica, infecting tomato was assessed in vitro and in pot experiments. The five promising native taxa, namely Trichoderma longibrachiatum, T. harzainum, T. asperellum, Lecanicillium spp., and Metacordyceps chlamydosporia, were selected to compare their effectiveness against both chemical (Mocap, 10% ethoprophos) and biological (abamectin) nematicides on M. javanica reproduction indices and plant growth parameters. The stimulation of defense mechanisms was assessed by monitoring changes in the enzymatic activities of the polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), lipid peroxidation (MDA), phenols, and proteins content of tomato roots. The laboratory assays revealed that T. longibrachiatum, M. chlamydoporia, and Lecanicillium spp. seemed to be the most effective under laboratory conditions, with more th...
Crop Protection, 2012
The nematode trapping ability of nematophagous fungi Dactylaria brochopaga and Monacrosporium eudermatum to colonize tomato root and parasitize and kill root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was evaluated, along with the capability of the fungi to induce the accumulation of defence-related biomolecules in tomato plants under the greenhouse and field conditions. Co-inoculation of D. brochopaga Dp-5 and M. eudermatum Mv-1 significantly reduced root-knot disease in tomato (89.63%) and increased the accumulation of total chlorophyll (125.34, 140.53 and 152.67 mg g À1 fresh wt.), total phenolic compounds (TPC) (37.40, 48.32 and 59.63 mg of gallic acid equivalent), and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity (58.45, 69.05 and 74.57 mM cinnamic acid h À1 g À1 fresh wt.) after 10, 20 and 30 days of inoculation, respectively, in the greenhouse. However, in the field experiments, the total chlorophyll content in leaves of M. incognita infected tomato plants co-inoculated with D. brochopaga Dp-5 and M. eudermatum Mv-1 (152.70 mg g À1 fresh wt.) was higher than the plants treated with D. brochopaga Dp-5 or M. eudermatum Mv-1 individually (130.87 and 144.73 mg g À1 fresh wt., respectively) and M. incognita treated plants (19.47 mg g À1 fresh wt.). TPC and PAL activity were found to be higher in tomato leaves co-inoculated with D. brochopaga Dp-5 and M. eudermatum Mv-1 (62.90 mg of gallic acid equivalent and 79.33 mM cinnamic acid h À1 g À1 fresh wt., respectively) than the plants treated with D. brochopaga Dp-5 or M. eudermatum Mv-1 individually, whereas in M. incognita inoculated and control plants, the induction of these two compounds was found to be very low after 30 days of inoculation. The results of this study showed that these fungi reduced root-knot disease and enhanced accumulation of defence related biomolecules in tomato plants and has potential to serve as a biocontrol agents against root-knot nematodes.
Scientific reports, 2017
Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are major crop pathogens worldwide. Trichoderma genus fungi are recognized biocontrol agents and a direct activity of Trichoderma atroviride (Ta) against the RKN Meloidogyne javanica (Mj), in terms of 42% reduction of number of galls (NG), 60% of number of egg masses and 90% of number of adult nematodes inside the roots, has been observed in tomato grown under greenhouse conditions. An in vivo split-root designed experiment served to demonstrate that Ta induces systemic resistance towards Mj, without the need for the organisms to be in direct contact, and significantly reduces NG (20%) and adult nematodes inside tomato roots (87%). The first generation (F1) of Ta-primed tomato plants inherited resistance to RKN; although, the induction of defenses occurred through different mechanisms, and in varying degrees, depending on the Ta-Mj interaction. Plant growth promotion induced by Ta was inherited without compromising the level of resistance to Mj, as the prog...
Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 2021
Root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne badly affect crop production worldwide and cause huge yield losses. Among the known root-knot species, Meloidogyne incognita is by far the most destructive, widely distributed and the most dominant and prevalent. In the present study, the efficacy of a biological control agent, Trichoderma harzianum and an antagonistic plant, Azadirachta indica was tested against M. incognita on tomato. The antagonistic fungus and plant caused significant hatching inhibition and larval mortality of M. incognita. The hatching inhibition and mortality was the maximum at 100% concentrations of both the agents while the minimum inhibition and mortality was obtained at 25% concentration. No statistical difference was observed between T. harzianum and A. indica in causing hatching inhibition and larval mortality. Numbers of galls, egg masses and reproductive factor were reduced significantly as a result of A. indica and T. harzianum applications. The reductions in these parameters were more pronounced where both the agents were integrated and resulted to the maximum where both the agents were mixed at the highest concentrations. The reductions in galls, egg masses and reproductive factor were found inversely proportional to the concentrations of A. indica and T. harzianum. Similarly, all the concentrations of A. indica when integrated with T. harzianum increased plant height and fresh shoot weight significantly over control. The increase in these parameters was directly proportional to the concentrations of A. indica leaves and T. harzianum. A. indica amendments proved at par with those of T. harzianum. The maximum increases in these parameters were obtained where A. indica leaves were mixed at the rate of 50 g with 6 g of T. harzianum. The amendments also showed significant effects on root weight. The maximum decrease in root weight was observed where both A. indica and T. harzianum were mixed at the highest concentrations. The root weight decreased with an increase in concentration and was found inversely proportional. It is therefore, recommended that the integration of antagonistic plants with the antagonistic fungi may be useful for the better control of plant parasitic nematodes.
Journal of Crop Protection, 2015
In this study, Trichoderma harzianum BI was evaluated for its capability to reduce the incidence and severity of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, and Fusarium wilt, F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, as causal agents of a complex disease of tomato in the laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Initial in vitro studies revealed that the parasitism of M. javanica eggs by T. harzianum BI was up to 49.6%. In dual culture tests, maximum growth inhibition of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersiciby T. harzianum BI (55%) was observed on the fifth day in laboratory. In greenhouse studies, the efficiency of treatments was appraised by using nematode-related factors such as diameter of galls, number of galls per plant, number of egg masses per plant and also incidence of Fusarium wilt. The antagonistic fungus was further tested for its ability to induce production of defense related enzymes in tomato. The activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) was increasedsignificantly in the seedli...
Agronomy, 2022
The ecosystem is considerably affected due to the extensive use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. As an alternative strategy, this study aimed to assess the biocontrol potential of the bioagents arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting Trichoderma harzianum MZ025966 against tomato root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica). T. harzianum showed a great potentiality to produce indole acetic acid (IAA) (12.11 ± 2.12 μg/mL) and exhibited a noticeable activity of ammonification. Furthermore, T. harzianum revealed protease and lipase enzymatic activity of 28.36 ± 2.82 U/mL and 12.30 ± 0.31 U/mL, respectively, which may illustrate the control mechanism of nematode eggs and juveniles. As in mycorrhizal and/or T. harzianum inoculated tomato plants, the penetration rates of nematodes, as well as the number of juveniles, females, egg mass, and galls were significantly reduced. The lowest number of juveniles was observed in the case of either single mycorrhizal inoculation ...