Magma-chamber geometry, fluid transport, local stresses, and rock behaviour during collapse-caldera formation (original) (raw)

Collapse calderas are common on Earth and some other solid planetary bodies, particularly on Io (a satellite of Jupiter), Mars and Venus. Caldera structures are generally similar on all these bodies, but the sizes vary considerably. Thus, on Mars the largest caldera diameter reaches 150 km, whereas the largest caldera diameters on Io and Venus approach 300 km. The arithmetic average diameter of calderas on Io is 41 km, on Mars 48 km, and on Venus 68 km. By contrast, the largest (multiple) caldera on Earth has a maximum diameter of about 80 km. On Earth, the arithmetic average maximum diameter is about 6 km for calderas associated with basaltic edifices and about 18 km for calderas associated with composite volcanoes.

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