Могаричев Ю.М., Сазанов А.В., Сорочан С.Б. Крым в «хазарское» время (VIII – середина X вв.): вопросы истории и археологии / Ю.М. Могаричев, А.В. Сазанов, С.Б. Сорочан. — М. : Неолит, 2017. — 744 c. (original) (raw)
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The first third of the 15th century was difficult and the most important period in formation of the Crimean Khanate. Despite the importance of the Crimea for the Golden Horde, it was rather peripheral district. The impossibility to control the situation on the peninsula has led to the fact that the Emir Idegei and his khans returned to the practice started by Toktamysh Khan at the end of the 14th century and allowed a local Chingizid Khan Bek-Sufi (from the genus of Tuka-Timur) to rule in the Crimea. As a ruler of the Crimean Ulus, Beck-Sufi Saray recognized the power of the Saray khans, whose governors were constantly in Solkhat. Khan Dawlet Berdi, brother of Beck-Sufi Khan, also received the approval from the Ulugh Muhammad Khan to rule in the Crimea, but tried to seize the power in the Golden Horde and lost. Thus, there is no reason to remove the date of the emergence of the Crimean khans and Crimean Khanate itself from 1442 to 1420. On the contrary to the accepted view of the active intervention of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas in the history of the Golden Horde, an objective analysis of the sources for the period of 1400–1430 does not confirm this.
2019
Archil Balakhvantsev, Ol’ga Shinkar’ The Bronze Greek-Inscribed Cauldron from Sosnovka (Volgograd Region) In 1972, farm works near the village of Sosnovka in the Kotovo district of the Volgograd region discovered in the mound of a big barrow, measuring ca. 1.5 m in height, a bronze hammered cauldron with the Greek inscription reading: “Θεῷ Ἄρει Βληκουρῷ ἐκ τῶν τοῦ θεοῦ v ἐπιμελουμένου Ἀπολιναρίου Πρείσκου,” or in English translation: “To God Ares Blekour from the sums of money which belonged to the god, under the patronage of Apolinarios Preiskos.” According to the typological features and palaeographic data, the cauldron dates from the mid second to the first quarter of the third century AD. The sanctuary of Blekour in vicinity of modern Ivailovograd was most probably plundered in 170–171 AD when the tribe of the Kostobokes invaded the Roman empire. Perhaps the Sarmatians attacked the Kostobokes who crossed the Danube, and later on the cauldron made a long way from the Danube area to the Volga region