UDC 303.094(.4/.5)(=161.2) THE UKRAINIANS: ATTEMPT OF SELF-IDENTITY AND SELF-ESTEEM (original) (raw)
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Volume 6 of Mykhailo Hrushevs'kyi's (Hrushevsky's) monumental History of Ukraine-Rus' is the concluding tome of a three-volume series (volumes 4, 5, and 6) dedicated to the Lithuanian-Polish epoch of the history of the Ukrainian people. Volumes 1 to 3 of Hrushevs'kyi's History, together, address the period ending with the fall of Kyivan Rus' and the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia, while the tomes after volume 6 deal with the early stages of the Cossack period and the (re-)establishment of Ukrainian sovereignty in the form of the Cossack Hetmanate. Hrushevs'kyi's conceptualization of the "history of the Ukrainian people" can be seen as one of his most important contributions to Eastern European historiography. In his work, we encounter the study of the Ukrainian people as a whole-as opposed to the study of various distinct entities located within a number of neighbouring states (Poland; the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; Hungary and then Austria-Hungary; Muscovy and then Russia; and so on). Hrushevs'kyi conceived of a fundamental unity permeating the history of the Ukrainian people from the time of Rus' all the way to the goal and apogee of the historian-cumpolitician-the re-establishment of a unified and independent Ukraine in the twentieth century (a project that Hrushevs'kyi himself took part in, both in its glorious beginnings and in its heartbreaking failures). In setting down a thesis on the continuity of the history of the Ukrainian people, Hrushevs'kyi provided subsequent generations of students of Ukrainian history with an essentially anti-statist methodological framework that allowed them to explore a subject area not merely reduced to a political history of a state with precisely delineated political borders. Such theoretical innovation and foresight have secured Hrushevs'kyi's high stature in the field of history-and especially in the study of Ukrainian cultural history. Mention should also be made of Hrushevs'kyi's importance in the study of the history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (PLC) as a whole. By creating a model that includes the dwellers of the Brest and Pinsk regions of what is now Belarus within a definition of the Ukrainian people and that thoroughly documents them, Hrushevs'kyi has indirectly given us a paradigm for conducting cross-cultural and cross-national research that aims to
The Roots of the National Idea in 19th Century Western Ukraine
*** This is one of my largest papers and I hope once the typos are worked out it will be published *** Please assist me in pointing out any errors you find *** This analysis of the national idea will be limited to two territories which were compromised of Ruthenian peoples, Galicia and Transcarpathia. This will allow for a comparative study between the two as they are radically different in regards to when there was consensus among the national idea and when it was able to flourish. It will be particularly interesting to examine why the national idea did not spread equally among Ruthenians living under the same empire. The importance is then to understand the role that the state and other external factors can play in determining the speed and direction of national ideas among a common people. At this point it will be possible to notice that regardless of the national idea, the attitude of the state towards nationalism can help or hinder any progression that leads to a national awakening. This, combined with the Ruthenian question of which national idea was to shape the identity of its people, complicated the uniform growth of Ruthenian nationalism and ultimately led to the stagnation of Ukrainian ideas in Transcarpathia. What specific events resulted in this stagnation as well as how the competition of diverging national ideologies affected the growth of the idea in Transcarpathia and Galicia from 1848 to 1914 is the purpose of this analysis. Providing a background of the specific situation that Ruthenians found themselves in living under Austro-Hungarian rule and stating the differences of the three national ideas will be a precursor that will set the context for the remainder of the paper. Galicia will be the first to be examined, specifically its major historical events from 1848 to 1914, the role of its intelligentsia, the role of the Austrian State in Ruthenian nationalism, and the politicization of the Ruthenian National Movement. Following this, Transcarpathia will be examined from 1848 to 1914 in the context of major historical events. This will then allow for a comparison of the similarities and differences between Galicia and Transcarpathia and will ultimately allow for the examination of why the Ukrainophile idea was a success among Ruthenians in Galicia but was not the same success for the Ruthenians of Transcarpathia.