Polymeric nanofiltration membranes for textile dye wastewater treatment: Preparation, performance evaluation, transport modelling, and fouling control — a review (original) (raw)
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DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2017
The aim of this study was to investigate the reuse possibility with nanofiltration (NF) membranes of biologically treated textile wastewater (COD: 350 mg/L, color: 108.9 m-1 and conductivity: 2,843 µS/cm) of a local textile factory (denim washing and dyeing) in Tekirdag, Turkey. For this aim, the flux and permeate quality was evaluated within the context of COD, color and conductivity with different NF membranes (NP010 and NP030) under various pressures (4, 6, 8 and 10 bar). On the other hand mass transfer coefficients were calculated with Nernst-Planck equation based on experimental results. When compared with literature, NF permeate water was found to be alternative to freshwater in textile wet processing. According to the Nernst-Planck equation, the B s (mass transfer coefficient) and R s (removal coefficient) values are obtained. R s and B s values were determined as follows: 0.982 and 0.994 for COD, 0.995 and 0.959 for color, 0.295 and 0.3403 for conductivity and 6.79 and 3.38 for COD, 4.90 and 0.54 for color, 27.39 and 15.87 for conductivity, respectively. According to B s and R s , NP030 membrane was determined as the most convenient membrane for aerobically pre-treated wastewater.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
Azo dyes are the major type of textile dye in the world, owing to their stability to light, microbial degradation, and physical degradation due to washing. However, these properties also lead to problematic removal or degradation of azo dyes that pollute the water body. In this research, nanofiltration (NF) thin film composite (TFC) membranes based on polyetherimide (PEI) polymer are utilized to remove an azo-based dye from a simulated textile wastewater, namely Reactive Black 5 (RB5). PEI is firstly dissolved by using N-methyl-2 pyrollidone (NMP) as solvent, combined with acetone as a non-solvent, and converted to be membranes via phase inversion method. The created membrane will be further modified by interfacial polymerization (IP) method using trimesoyl chloride (TMC) and m-phenylene diamine (MPD) as precursors of acyl chloride and amine, immersed in two immiscible liquids of hexane and water, respectively. This method fabricates a new selective layer composed of tightly-packed nylon-like polyamide layer that might improve the separation performance. Membranes from polymeric dope solution of PEI/acetone/NMP 15/65/20 (w/w) were employed due to acceptable flux and rejection, compared to other formulations. They were then modified by using IP method (0.05% TMC in hexane and 1.5% MPD in water) to create PEI-TFC membranes. The PEI-TFC membranes exhibited fluxes around 0.01 L m-2 h-1 psi-1 , with rejection of RB5 dyes up to 90%, which suggested the successful IP method on the PEI membranes. SEM and FTIR were carried out for comprehending the reasons behind the improved separation performance, and they revealed that the TFC nylon-like selective layer was successfully developed, from both physical and chemical perspectives, respectively. The fabrication of NF TFC membranes might open some new roads for environmental application of membranes in Indonesia.
Performance of modified poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane for textile wastewater ultrafiltration
Desalination, 2011
The generated waste water effluents in textile industry are derived from wet processing of textiles. Modified poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were studied as a pre-treatment for the reuse of secondary effluent of textile wastewaters. The treatment of reactive black 5 (RB5) and congo red (CR) dye solutions was investigated using modified PVDF and styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) membranes. SAN composition in PVDF membrane was varied in 00:100, 10:90, and 20:80, 60:40 and 100: 00 ratios in the presence of DMF as the solvent. Effect of SAN on characteristics of PVDF membranes such as morphology, water uptake, porosity, average pore size, pure water permeability (PWP) and hydrophilicity was investigated. The morphological studies showed that the 60% of SAN content in 40% PVDF results in formation of a structure with a porous top and sub-layer with a number of pores. The pure water flux of membranes increased with an increase in SAN concentration. Conversely, the permeate flux of RB5 and CR dye solutions increased while dye rejection decreased with incorporation of SAN content in PVDF polymer matrix. Furthermore, all modified PVDF membranes showed moderate color removal, chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction and lower membrane fouling for separation and purification of dye solutions.
Fouling of nanofiltration membranes by dyes during brine recovery from textile dye bath wastewater
Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015
The present investigation aims at identifying the molecular properties of the dye which control membrane fouling during nanofiltration. Three negatively charged molecules, namely Acid red 87, Direct blue 53 and Acid black 1 and three positively charged molecules, namely Azure A, Basic blue 9 and Basic green 4 are investigated. Dye molecules of 50 mg/L dissolved in 2000 mg/L of NaCl were subjected to nanofiltration using NF 270 membrane (Dow-filmtec with an isoelectric point of 3.3) at pH-3, pH-7 and pH-10. The flux decline, salt rejection and dye rejection were measured using Sterilitech cross flow cell (CF042) with an active membrane surface area of 14.6×10-4 m 2. Flux decline due to membrane fouling was also calculated by measuring pure water flux after washing the fouled membrane with water at the same pH for 30 min. These results indicate electrostatic interactions between the charged dye molecules and the membrane charge, which depend on the pH. Strong sulfonic acid containing dye molecules (Direct blue 53 and Acid black 1) do not get adsorbed on the membrane surface. High flux rate and dye rejection were noticed in all the three pH media investigated for these dyes. Weak carboxylic acid (Acid red 87) shows strong flux decline and membrane fouling in acidic pH. Positively charged dye molecules with relatively low molecular weights, exhibit strong fouling effect in neutral as well as alkaline pH. The effects of molecular-membrane electrostatic interactions and acid-base interactions on membrane fouling are highlighted in this work along with the molecular size effect.
Nanofiltration process on dye removal from simulated textile wastewater
International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 2008
Dyestuffs removal from industrial wastewater requires special advanced technologies, since dyes are usually difficult to remove by biological methods. In this study nanofiltration process was used for removal of different dyestuffs from solutions. The rate of dye removal by spiral wound nanofiltration membrane in film thin composite MWCO=90 Dalton, was evaluated for four classes of dyes acidic, disperse, reactive and direct in red and blue dyes medium. Dye absorbance was measured by spectrophotometric method (2120 Standard Method 1998). Effects of feed concentration, pressure and total dissolved solids concentration were also studied. Results showed that increasing dye concentration lead to higher color removal up to 98 % and at different pressures for acidic and reactive blue were up to 99.7 %. Different types of dyes had no effect on dye removal and permeate flux. During 2 h.of the operation time, permeate flux decline was increased. Permeate fluxes for different types of red dyes were from 16.6 to 12.6 (L/m 2 /h.) and for blue dyes were from 16.6 to 10.45 (L/m 2 /h.). Presence of sodium chloride in dye solutions increased dye rejections nearby 100 %. Chemical oxygen demand removal efficiencies for reactive blue, disperse blue, direct and disperse red dyes were also approximately 100 %.
Treatment of textile dye effluents using a new photografted nanofiltration membrane
Desalination, 2002
A nanofiltration membrane has been developed by UV-photografting. Sodium p-styrene sulfonate was used for the modification of a polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane. The membrane cut-off was estimated. The grafted membranes have been evaluated for the removal of five different dyes with an aim to reuse water in the process house. The effect of different parameters such as dye class, pH and the presence of salt was evaluated. It is observed that the newly developed membranes show acceptable performance both in terms of flux and rejection. Dye retention was higher than 97% and hydraulic permeability 0.23-0.28 m 3 .m -2 .d -1 at 0.4 MPa. The influence of pH on the performance of membranes in terms of fouling and retention was established and compared to a commercial membrane (Desal 5DK).
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
In our previous work, a series of polyetherimide (PEI) nanofiltration membranes has been developed for removal of textile dyes from wastewater. Based on that previous study, another class of PEI-based membrane was developed for sustainable eco-engineering development in Indonesia, namely polyetherimide thin film composite (PEI-TFC) membranes. These PEI-TFC membranes were fabricated from dope solution consists of PEI dissolved in Nmethyl pyrollidone (NMP) solvent and acetone as a non-solvent. The dope solutions were then continued to the membrane casting process, followed by solvent exchange process to remove the residual NMP in the pores of the membranes. The cast membranes were then immersed in 1.5% w/w m-phenylenediamine (MPD) in deionized water, followed by immersion in (0.05% w/w trimesoyl chloride in hexane). Those chemicals act as precursor to form a polymeric thin film in a process called interfacial polymerization to attach TFC layer on top of the PEI-TFC membranes. The fabricated PEI-TFC membranes were employed to treat synthetic wastewater containing Reactive Red 120 dye (RR120), with good rejection of 90%. The membranes could be further explored for the improvement of environmental sustainability of Indonesia, especially for the water ecology system.
The applicability of nanofiltration for the treatment and reuse of textile reactive dye effluent
Water SA, 2015
The main aim of the study was to test the feasibility of using nanofiltration (NF) processes for the treatment of reactive dyebath effluents from the textile industry, in order to recover the water and chemicals (salts) for reuse purposes. The study of the reusability of nanofiltered water for dyeing has been given little or no attention. About 30% of reactive dyes remain unfixed on fibres; the unfixed dyes are responsible for the colouration in effluents. Membrane processes were employed to treat reactive dye-bath effluents to recover the salts and water. Investigations were conducted firstly with ultrafiltration (UF) used as a pretreatment for NF. Secondly, evaluations were performed for 2 types of NF membranes (SR90 and NF90), in terms of quality of permeate produced and fluxes achieved for 2 different samples of effluent. The effect of cleaning on membrane performance was assessed. A reusability test was carried out on both permeate samples for dyeing light and dark shade recipes. The use of UF as pre-treatment to NF resulted in rejection of colloidal substances > 90% and a 15% flux improvement. Permeate from NF90 had a conductivity of 76 µS/cm and total organic carbon (TOC) of 20 mg/ℓ, as compared to SR90 which had a conductivity of 8.3 mS/cm and a TOC of 58 mg/ℓ. Light shade from NF90 gave satisfactory results on dyeing, with no colour difference. However a variation in colour was noticed when the medium sample was used to dye the light shade. Both NF permeates gave satisfactory results when used to dye the dark shades. Permeate from NF90 was within the accepted range for reuse, while permeate from SR90 had a higher salt recovery. Chemical cleaning resulted in 80% flux recovery. From the reusability test it was concluded that permeate from NF90 met the reuse criteria for feed water to the dye bath.
This study presents treatment of dye containing wastewater in a nanofiltration pilot plant using hydrophilized polyamide membrane of flat sheet module. Permeate flux (PF) decreased with time of operation due to concentration polarization. Effect of trans-membrane pressure (TMP) showed a quasi-linear increase in flux with increasing pressure. PF (1.44 × 10-6 m 3 /m 2 .s) at 5 kg/cm 2 was enhanced as PF (1.62 × 10-6 m 3 /m 2 .s) at 10 kg/cm 2. Flux increased considerably with increase in dilution of wastewater. Maximum PFs obtained with 5 fold and 10 fold dilutions were 3.95 × 10-6 and 7.06 × 10-6 m 3 /m 2 .s respectively. Substantial removal of colour (98.3%) was achieved with a marked reduction in COD (89%) and TDS (77.2%).
A nanofiltration based separation process is used to treat the 7 effluent from a textile plant to allow for water reuse and fulfill 8 environmental standards. The wastewater effluent contains reactive black 9 (RB5)- and disperse(DR60) dyes. A NF-unit model E2 series with HL 2521 TF 10 spiral wound module was used to carry out experiments. Color removal and 11 COD reduction up to 90,93% for RB5 and 98,95% for DR60 were achieved 12 respectively. A parametric study of the separation process is undertaken to 13 characterize the effects of the operating variables, e.g., trans-membrane 14 pressure, dye/salt concentration in the feed, temperature, and cross flow 15 velocity. The solution diffusion model was used to develop power 16 correlations to calculate the permeate side solute mass transfer coefficient 17 as a function of effective cross-flow Reynolds number. In contrast to the 18 commonly assumed constant hydraulic solvent permeability, a non-linear 19 relationship was developed over the applied trans-membrane net driving 20 pressure. The latter correlates exponentially with salt permeability for both 21 dyes. The effect of feed salt-content on solute mass transfer coefficient, 22 water and salt permeability, concentration polarization, dye hydrophobicity 23 and ionic strength were studied. Results were used to assess engineering specifications of a commercial size NF-plant (500m324 /d capacity).